Usuf Chikte

Bio: Usuf Chikte is an academic researcher from University of Cape Town. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Workforce. The author has an hindex of 16, co-authored 83 publications receiving 883 citations. Previous affiliations of Usuf Chikte include Stellenbosch University.

Oro-facial manifestations in paediatric HIV: a comparative study of institutionalized and hospital outpatients

Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare dental caries status and the number and type of oral mucosal lesions in HIV positive children from a hospital outpatient department and an institutionalized setting. Oral examinations were performed using presumptive diagnostic criteria. The Fisher's Exact and the Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical comparison of the two study groups. A total of 169 children were examined of whom 42% were institutionalized and 58% hospital outpatients. One institutionalized child presented with Noma. Twenty-one percent of the institutionalized population presented with molluscum contagiosum, while none of the hospital outpatients presented with this condition. Significantly more intraoral mucosal lesions were observed in the hospital compared with the institutionalized group. The most frequently encountered oral lesion was candidiasis. Pseudomembranous candidiasis was the most common type. Twice as many intraoral ulcers were recorded in the institutionalized group. Thirty-nine percent of the hospitalized patients had multiple lesions compared with 28% in the institutionalized group. Almost three quarters of both populations were caries-free. The mean DMFT was considerably higher in the hospital population. For both the permanent and primary teeth, the decayed component (D/d) made up the major part of the DMFT/dmft, followed by the missing (M/m) component. No fillings were recorded in either the primary or permanent teeth for both groups. Oral lesions are common in HIV populations and were seen in both the hospital and institutionalized groups, at high prevalence levels (63 and 45%). HIV infected children should be considered high risk for caries because of the use of chronic medications, and to receive appropriate care in terms of both treatment and services.

Infection control among dentists in private practice in Durban.

Abstract: The general fear, superstition and alarm surrounding HIV/AIDS warrant that the highest standards of care be available to our patients. A survey on infection control was undertaken in Durban to assess the current state of infection control procedures among dentists in private practice. A self-administered 44-item questionnaire was hand-delivered to a random sample of 75 dentists (31.3%)--see comments in Methods--in private practice. The response rate was 90.7% (68 dentists). The routine use of gloves, masks, and protective eyewear was reported by 97.1%, 82.4% and 52.9% of dentists respectively. Although 89.7% of dentists had autoclaves in their practices, only 45.2% autoclaved their high speed handpieces and 39.7% their slow handpieces. Almost 60% of dentists did not use rubber dam at all whilst 46.3% did not disinfect impressions before sending them to the laboratory. Approximately 6% of respondents reported re-using local anaesthetic cartridges and 1.5% re-used needles. Needlestick injuries in the previous six months were reported by 13.8% of dentists but two thirds of them did not follow any specific protocol after injury. Almost 90 per cent of dentists were immunised against Hepatitis B but more than 60% of their staff were not. The results of the study showed that adherence to universally accepted guidelines for infection control remain low amid a climate of an ever-increasing HIV pandemic.

Oral Microbiome Signatures in Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease.

Abstract: Disturbances in the oral microbiome are associated with periodontal disease initiation and progression and diabetes mellitus (DM), but how this contributes to the cause-and-effect relationship between periodontal disease and DM is poorly understood. We examined the bacterial composition in plaque samples from 128 South Africans with periodontal disease across glycemic statuses using 16S rDNA sequencing of regions 2, 3, 4, 6-7, 8, and 9. Of the 9 phyla identified, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria made up >98%. Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria were significantly more abundant in subjects with diabetes, while Proteobacteria were less abundant. However, in the presence of gingival bleeding and DM, as compared with DM without gingival bleeding, Actinobacteria were markedly reduced while Bacteroidetes were more abundant. In contrast, no differences in Actinobacteria or Bacteroidetes abundance were observed between DM with and without pocket depth (PD) ≥4 mm. At the genus level, similar changes in relative abundance were observed in the presence of DM and periodontal disease. Our findings remained in conditional logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, and the 5 most dominant phyla. For example, Actinobacteria significantly increased the odds of diabetes by 10% in subjects with gingival bleeding, while Fusobacteria increased this odd by 14%; yet, among subjects with PD ≥4 mm, Fusobacteria decreased the odds of DM by 47%. Our findings have confirmed the alterations in the composition of the oral microbiota across glycemic statuses as well as different stages of periodontal disease. However, it is not clear whether these differences were the consequence of hyperglycemia or the presence of periodontal diseases. Therefore, we recommend further investigations in a longitudinal study design.

One-year evaluation of atraumatic restorative treatment and minimum intervention techniques on primary teeth.

Abstract: Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) and minimal intervention treatment (MIT) techniques were evaluated under field conditions in 5 regions of the Western Cape Province of South Africa, where caries prevalence exceeds 60% and remains mostly untreated. The purpose of the study was to compare and evaluate results of ART and MIT techniques in the primary dentition of 6-9 year-old schoolchildren using glass-ionomer (GI) (Fuji IX) and compomer (Dyract AP) materials. At baseline 401 children were treated, and 1,119 restorations placed by 5 calibrated dentists, 53% with ART (using hand instruments only) and 47% with MIT (minimal use of slow hand-piece) techniques. Evaluations were done with a CPI periodontal probe to measure marginal defects and to detect decay. A pain assessment for the restoration procedures indicated that 80% of subjects experienced no pain, 18% discomfort and slight pain, and 2% required local anaesthetic. After one year 90.5% of subjects and 80% of restorations were followed up (11.1% lost as a result of exfoliation); of these restorations 86% were clinically acceptable (84.1% of the ART and 88% of the MIT). With the art technique 82.7% of GI restorations and 85.6%, of compomer restorations were acceptable. With the MIT technique 86.5% of GI restorations and 89.9% of compomer restorations were acceptable. Success of restorations per region varied significantly: regions 1 and 2-90%, region 3-80%, region 4-70% and region 5-95%. There were no significant statistical differences in respect of materials or methods employed. ART and MIT techniques were well accepted as complementary caries approaches by operators. One-year results show that ART and MIT techniques were successful, substantiating its use for the primary dentition in areas with high caries prevalence. Longer-term assessments are required.

Sustainable workforce: South African Audiologists and Speech Therapists.

Abstract: Audiologists and Speech Therapists play a vital role in addressing sustainable development goals by supporting people who are marginalised due to communication challenges The global burden of disease and poor social living conditions impact negatively on the development of healthy communication, therefore requiring the services of Audiologist and Speech therapists Against this background, we examined the demographic profile and the supply, need and shortfall of Audiologists and Speech Therapists in South Africa The data set was drawn from the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) registers (for 2002–2017) for the speech, language and hearing professions This demographic profile of the professions was created based on the category of health personnel; category of practice, geographical location, population group (race) and sex The annual supply was estimated from the HPCSA database while the service–target approach was used to estimate need Additional need based on National Health Insurance Bill was also included Supply–need gaps were forecast according to three scenarios, which varied according to the future intensity of policy intervention to increase occupancy of training places: ‘best guess’ (no intervention), ‘optimistic’ (feasible intervention), and ‘aspirational’ (significant intervention) scenarios up to 2030 Most (ie 1548, 474%) of the professionals are registered as Audiologists and Speech Therapists, followed by 335% registered as Speech Therapists and 191% registered as Audiologists Around 885% professionals registered as Audiologists and Speech Therapists are practising independently, and 426% are practising in the Gauteng province The profession is comprised majorly of women (946%), and in terms of the population groups (race), they are mainly classified as white (597%) In 2017, in best guess scenario, there is a supply–need gap of around 2800 professionals In the absence of any intervention to increase supply capacity, this shortfall will remain same by the year 2030 By contrast, in aspirational scenario, ie supply is increased by 300%, the forecasted shortfall for 2030 reduces to 2300 from 2800 professionals It is clear that without significant interventions, South Africa is likely to have a critical shortfall of Audiologists and Speech Therapists in 2030 Policy-makers will have to carefully examine issues surrounding the current framework regulating training of these and associated professionals, in order to respond adequately to future requirements

Teaching for quality learning at university

Abstract: by J. Biggs and C. Tang, Maidenhead, England, Open University Press, 2007, 360 pp., £29.99, ISBN-13: 978-0-335-22126-4

The National Osteoporosis Foundation’s position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations

Abstract: Lifestyle choices influence 20–40 % of adult peak bone mass. Therefore, optimization of lifestyle factors known to influence peak bone mass and strength is an important strategy aimed at reducing risk of osteoporosis or low bone mass later in life. The National Osteoporosis Foundation has issued this scientific statement to provide evidence-based guidance and a national implementation strategy for the purpose of helping individuals achieve maximal peak bone mass early in life. In this scientific statement, we (1) report the results of an evidence-based review of the literature since 2000 on factors that influence achieving the full genetic potential for skeletal mass; (2) recommend lifestyle choices that promote maximal bone health throughout the lifespan; (3) outline a research agenda to address current gaps; and (4) identify implementation strategies. We conducted a systematic review of the role of individual nutrients, food patterns, special issues, contraceptives, and physical activity on bone mass and strength development in youth. An evidence grading system was applied to describe the strength of available evidence on these individual modifiable lifestyle factors that may (or may not) influence the development of peak bone mass (Table 1). A summary of the grades for each of these factors is given below. We describe the underpinning biology of these relationships as well as other factors for which a systematic review approach was not possible. Articles published since 2000, all of which followed the report by Heaney et al. [1] published in that year, were considered for this scientific statement. This current review is a systematic update of the previous review conducted by the National Osteoporosis Foundation [1]. Considering the evidence-based literature review, we recommend lifestyle choices that promote maximal bone health from childhood through young to late adolescence and outline a research agenda to address current gaps in knowledge. The best evidence (grade A) is available for positive effects of calcium intake and physical activity, especially during the late childhood and peripubertal years—a critical period for bone accretion. Good evidence is also available for a role of vitamin D and dairy consumption and a detriment of DMPA injections. However, more rigorous trial data on many other lifestyle choices are needed and this need is outlined in our research agenda. Implementation strategies for lifestyle modifications to promote development of peak bone mass and strength within one’s genetic potential require a multisectored (i.e., family, schools, healthcare systems) approach.

Fluoride in Drinking-Water

Abstract: Fluoride is known to occur at elevated concentrations in a number of parts of the world where it can be a significant cause of disease. The primary focus of Fluoride in Drinking Water is the prevention of adverse health effects from excessive levels of fluoride in drinking water. The book fills the urgent need, identified for updating the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, for information on the occurrence of fluoride, its health effects, ways of reducing excess levels and methods for analysis of fluoride in water. The draft document, produced by a working group of experts convened to consider protection from fluoride and its control, was issued for extensive review and consultation. The resultant book, which incorporates the comments received, was further peer review by experts in developed and developing countries. It is aimed at a wide range of individuals, including health workers and sanitary engineers who may require a broad introduction to the subject with more detailed guidance in some specific areas. Fluoride in Drinking-water will be an invaluable reference source for all those concerned with the management of drinking-water containing fluoride and the health effects arising from its consumption, including water sector managers and practitioners as well as health sector staff at policy and implementation levels. It will also be of interest to researchers, students, and development workers and consultants. Contents Introduction Environmental occurrence, geochemistry and exposure Human health effects Guidelines and standards Removal of excessive fluoride Analytical methods Country data on dental and skeletal fluorosis associated with exposure to fluoride through drinking water Appendix: Indices of severity of dental fluorosis

Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods

Abstract: The oral health surveys basic methods that we provide for you will be ultimate to give preference. This reading book is your chosen book to accompany you when in your free time, in your lonely. This kind of book can help you to heal the lonely and get or add the inspirations to be more inoperative. Yeah, book as the widow of the world can be very inspiring manners. As here, this book is also created by an inspiring author that can make influences of you to do more.

The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning

Abstract: Durante la ultima decada el campo del aprendizaje multimediado ha emergido como una disciplina coherente basada en la investigacion. El Manual presenta un panorama actualizado y comprensivo de ambos. Este tipo de aprendizaje tiene lugar a traves de palabras (textos orales e impresos) e imagenes (ilustraciones, fotografias, mapas, animaciones, video). El Manual se centra en el modo en que se aprende con estos recursos en contextos mediados por la computadora.