The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” (“Code”) covers the materials, design, and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in nonbuilding structures. The Code also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures. Among the subjects covered are: contract documents; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and-tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength reduction factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D. The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate American Welding Society (AWS) standard. Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code portion cannot be included. The Commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the Code portion are discussed within the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited.

"building code requirements for structural concrete (aci 318-11) and commentary"

A review on the utilization of fly ash

The concrete industry is known to leave an enormous environmental footprint on Planet Earth. First, there are the sheer volumes of material needed to produce the billions of tons of concrete worldwide each year. Then there are the CO2 emissions caused during the production of Portland cement. Together with the energy requirements, water consumption and generation of construction and demolition waste, these factors contribute to the general appearance that concrete is not particularly environmentally friendly or compatible with the demands of sustainable development. This paper summarizes recent developments to improve the situation. Foremost is the increasing use of cementitious materials that can serve as partial substitutes for Portland cement, in particular those materials that are by-products of industrial processes, such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. But also the substitution of various recycled materials for aggregate has made significant progress worldwide, thereby reducing the need to quarry virgin aggregates. The most important ones among these are recycled concrete aggregate, post-consumer glass, scrap tires, plastics, and by-products of the paper and other industries.

The greening of the concrete industry

This updated, definitive reference book on concrete technology covers the fundamentals and detailed information on freshly mixed and hardened concrete for Canada The properties of concrete as needed in concrete construction are presented, including strength and durability All concrete ingredients are reviewed for their optimal use in designing and proportioning concrete mixtures Applicable standards from the American Society for Testing and Materials, Canadian Standards Association and American Concrete Institute are referred to extensively Individual chapters address: (1) fundamentals of concrete; (2) Portland, blended and other hydraulic cements; (3) fly ash, slag, silica fume and natural pozzolans; (4) mixing water; (5) aggregates for concrete; (6) admixtures for concrete; (7) fibers; (8) air-entrained concrete; (9) designing and proportioning normal concrete mixtures; (10) batching, mixing, transporting and handling concrete; (11) placing and finishing concrete; (12) curing concrete; (13) hot weather concreting; (14) cold-weather concreting; (15) volume changes of concrete; (16) control tests for concrete; (17) high-performance concrete; and (18) special types of concrete

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures

The utilisation of calcined clay, in the form of metakaolin (MK), as a pozzolanic material for mortar and concrete has received considerable attention in recent years. This interest is part of the widely spread attention directed towards the utilisation of wastes and industrial by-products in order to minimise Portland cement (PC) consumption, the manufacture of which being environmentally damaging. Another reason is that mortar and concrete, which contain pozzolanic materials, exhibit considerable enhancement in durability properties. This paper reviews work carried out on the use of MK as a partial pozzolanic replacement for cement in mortar and concrete and in the containment of hazardous wastes. The literature demonstrates that MK is an effective pozzolan which causes great improvement in the pore structure and hence the resistance of the concrete to the action of harmful solutions.

Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review

Surface Hardness Methods. Penetration Resistance Methods. Pullout Test. Breakoff Test Method. The Maturity Method. Resonant Frequency Methods. Pulse Velocity Methods. Combined Methods. Magnetic/Electrical Methods. Radioactive/Nuclear Methods. Short Pulse Radar Methods. Stress Wave Propagation Methods. Infrared Thermographic Techniques. Acoustic Emission Methods.

CRC Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete

Sources of production and utilization rate chemical and physical characteristics mechanisms by which mineral admixtures improve properties of concrete effect of mineral admixtures on properties of fresh concrete effect of mineral admixtures on properties of hardened concrete durability aspects of concrete containing mineral admixtures selection of materials and mixture proportions standard specifications. (Part contents).

Pozzolanic and cementitious materials

Introduction: Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology

Rice-husk ash paste and concrete: Some aspects of hydration and the microstructure of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and paste

This article outlines the fundamentals of high-performance high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete, gives its properties and durability characteristics, and makes a case for applicability use in the construction of highways in developing countries such as China and India. Sections on use of HVFA blended cement, curing of HVFA concrete, and rigid vs. flexible pavements are also included.

V. M. Malhotra

Papers

CRC Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete

Pozzolanic and cementitious materials

Introduction: Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology

Rice-husk ash paste and concrete: Some aspects of hydration and the microstructure of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and paste

High-performance high-volume fly ash concrete