The aim of this study is to examine adaptation elements and Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) elements used in Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring Systems (AITSs), using meta-synthesis methods to analyze the results of previous research. Toward this end, articles appearing in the Web of Science, Google Scholar, Eric and Science Direct databases in 2000 and later were identified with the keyphrase “adaptive intelligent tutoring system.” Application of exclusion and inclusion procedures to the articles accessed in the search resulted in the selection of 32 articles, which were analyzed using meta-synthesis methods and then evaluated in the light of prespecified themes and elements used in AITSs were determined. According to results, the systems were designed for a wide range of fields such as Information Technologies, Mathematics, Science, Medicine, and Foreign Language Education. In these systems, content adaptation was generally used, based mostly on such criteria as feedback, student level, student learning and cognitive styles, and student performance. And besides 4 basic ITS modules (knowledge, student, teaching and user interface), some different modules such as guide module, strategy module, personal learning module, knowledge base module, communication module, system administrator module and messaging module were used. Finally, some suggestions were given for such studies in the future.

Design framework of adaptive intelligent tutoring systems

The Encyclopedia of E-Business Development and Management in the Digital Economy creates a repository for educators, researchers, and industry professionals to collaborate and discuss their research ideas, theories, practical experiences, challenges, and opportunities, while presenting tools and techniques in all aspects of e-business development and management in the digital economy. As the first and most comprehensive book to present aspects from the research, industry, managerial, and technical sides of e-business, this collection appeals to policy-makers, e-business application developers, market researchers, managers, researchers, professors, and undergraduate/graduate students in various academic disciplines.

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Encyclopedia of E-business Development and Management in the Global Economy

To design an adaptive intelligent tutoring system which can manage both different disciplinary domains and a guide for the learner is difficult. The specialization of the analysis treatments is responsible for the loss of reusability in other disciplinary domains. The analysis is didactic and thus strongly connected to the domain concerned. It results that an intelligent tutoring system is consequently, specialized in a type of taught knowledge and not easily transposable to other domains. To propose a model transposable to different domains of learning, the former has to take into account this diversity and to situate the learning activity. In this paper, we will show how to produce a guide model parameterized by the learning domain. Our objective was to develop an adaptive intelligent tutoring system based on item response theory and metrics, adapted for letting the learners work in several disciplinary fields in the University of Annaba. In this context, our constraint is threefold: to represent knowledge relative to several disciplinary domains, to propose interactive activities to the learners and finally, to be able to support student guidance in her/his course by proposing her/him relevant support activities when he meets difficulties.

Developing Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring System based on Item Response Theory and Metrics

The emerging trend of using mobile agents for mobile adhoc network (MANET) applications intensifies the need for protecting them. Here we propose a distributed trust based framework to protect both the agents and the host platforms (running at the nodes) especially against threats of the underlying environment where agents may get killed or rerouted by visiting hosts. The best way to defend against this situation is to prevent both the hosts and agents from communicating with the malicious ones. In this regard this paper develops a distributed reputation model of MANET using concepts from Dempster-Shafer theory. The agents (deployed for some purposes like service discovery) while roaming in the networkwork collaboratively with the hosts they visit to form a consistent trust view of MANET. An agent may exchange information about suspected nodes with a visiting host. To speed up convergence, information about an unknown node can be solicited from trusted neighborhood. Thus an inactive node, without deploying agents may also get a partial view of the network. The agents can use combination of encryption and digital signature to provide privacy and authentication services. Node mobility and the effect of environmental noise are considered. The results show the robustness of our proposed scheme even in bigger networks.

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Securing Mobile Agents in MANET against Attacks using Trust

Several efforts have been reported in literature aiming to support the Adaptation Model (AM) design in Adaptive Educational Hypermedia Systems (AEHS) with either guidance for the direct definition of adaptation rules, or semi-automated mechanisms which generate the AM via the implicit definition of such rules The main drawback of the direct definition of adaptation rules is that there can be cases during the run-time execution of AEHS where no adaptation decision can be made, due to insufficiency and/or inconsistency of the defined adaptation rule sets The goal of the semi-automated, decision-based approaches is to generate a continuous decision function that estimates the desired AEHS response, aiming to overcome the above mentioned problem However, such approaches still miss a commonly accepted framework for evaluating their performance In this chapter, we review the design approaches for the definition of the AM in AEHS and discuss a set of performance evaluation metrics proposed by the literature for validating the use of decision-based approaches

Decision models in the design of adaptive educational hypermedia systems

In this paper, we present an adaptive tutoring system for students of multiple domains with a web-based interface for flexibility. The displayed media is adapted according to the student's capability and aptitude by evaluating the student according to historical data and quizzes. The media is divided into dynamic frames and the content of each frame is displayed adaptively. A weighted approach is used to evaluate the student's capability, and frames are generated based on a beta distribution. The initial evaluation of the system based on a paper simulation showed encouraging results.

Frame based Intelligent Tutoring System with weighted attributes and adaptive hypermedia

Trust is a major factor for the success of any business. The need for trust is no longer an option but a necessity when it comes to e-business environment since there are no direct person to person interactions. One way to evaluate the trustworthiness of a vendor is through feedbacks. As each customer interacting in an e-business environment has different perceptions and choice, the general feedback systems fail to meet their requirements. The general systems are more prone to attacks by malicious vendors, who provide fake feedbacks and use other tactics to build a high reputation and continue to be dishonest. Here we propose an architecture where customers can collect feedback through the system using agents. Trust calculation is done using three methods, one using direct method and the second using the fuzzy logic and the third implementing feedback mechanisms using agents. Thus, these methods ensure customers with more freedom and trust to carry out their transactions.

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Mobile Agent Based Trust Management Framework using Fuzzy Logic in B2C E-Business Environment

Mobile agent systems provide a great flexibility and customizability to distributed applications like ebusiness and information retrieval in the current scenario. Security is a crucial concern for such systems, especially when they are to be used to deal with money transaction. Mobile agents moving around the network are not safe as the remote hosts that accommodate the agents can initiate all kinds of attacks and attempt to analyze the agents' decision logic and agents' accumulated data. Hence mobile agent security is one of the most challenging problems unsolved. This paper analyzes the security attacks to mobile agents by malicious hosts and proposes solutions based on public key authentication technique and cryptography to address some of these problems. An experimental application is developed and security and performance of proposed solutions are also evaluated.

Secure Mobile Agent System for E-Business Applications

The main objective of this paper is to propose generalised methodologies for securing and handling e-business services effectively in an enhanced distributed environment. The proposed secure container model provides an environment in which appropriate shared objects associated with a requested business service, such as market price, share market, can be obtained and plugged in to ensure secure communication. Within the container, only the database owners can handle the database, which is decoupled not only from clients but also from distributors. A messaging architecture is also proposed that notifies clients instantly and in a reliable manner about the changes in the database.

An enhanced and secure messaging architecture for a distributed e-business environment

E-Business must be highly secured and scalable to provide efficient services to millions of clients on the web. This paper proposes a new approach based on shared objects to improve security and mobile agents to improve scalability. The e-business uses shared objects and mobile agents to update the clients automatically with new information. The agent that resides in the database server is informed about the new information by triggering a function. Then the agent updates the shared object which is accessed by another agent that sends the information to the clients. This approach improves security, as clients are not aware of the location of central database and makes e-business more scalable by deploying mobile agents. The shared object is designed in such a way that it synchronizes the data transfer between agents. Proposed approach is implemented in a testing environment and the performance is analyzed. The analysis has shown that the proposed approach improves the security of business data and scalability of database servers providing synchronized data transfer.

V. Ramachandran

Papers

Frame based Intelligent Tutoring System with weighted attributes and adaptive hypermedia

Mobile Agent Based Trust Management Framework using Fuzzy Logic in B2C E-Business Environment

Secure Mobile Agent System for E-Business Applications

An enhanced and secure messaging architecture for a distributed e-business environment

An Enhanced Secure and Scalable Model for Enterprise Applications using Automated Monitoring