This paper gives an overview of the development of the field of Knowledge Engineering over the last 15 years. We discuss the paradigm shift from a transfer view to a modeling view and describe two approaches which considerably shaped research in Knowledge Engineering: Role-limiting Methods and Generic Tasks. To illustrate various concepts and methods which evolved in recent years we describe three modeling frameworks: CommonKADS, MIKE and PROTEGE-II. This description is supplemented by discussing some important methodological developments in more detail: specification languages for knowledge-based systems, problem-solving methods and ontologies. We conclude by outlining the relationship of Knowledge Engineering to Software Engineering, Information Integration and Knowledge Management.

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Knowledge engineering: principles and methods

As we are moving towards the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors deployed around the world is growing at a rapid pace. Market research has shown a significant growth of sensor deployments over the past decade and has predicted a significant increment of the growth rate in the future. These sensors continuously generate enormous amounts of data. However, in order to add value to raw sensor data we need to understand it. Collection, modelling, reasoning, and distribution of context in relation to sensor data plays critical role in this challenge. Context-aware computing has proven to be successful in understanding sensor data. In this paper, we survey context awareness from an IoT perspective. We present the necessary background by introducing the IoT paradigm and context-aware fundamentals at the beginning. Then we provide an in-depth analysis of context life cycle. We evaluate a subset of projects (50) which represent the majority of research and commercial solutions proposed in the field of context-aware computing conducted over the last decade (2001-2011) based on our own taxonomy. Finally, based on our evaluation, we highlight the lessons to be learnt from the past and some possible directions for future research. The survey addresses a broad range of techniques, methods, models, functionalities, systems, applications, and middleware solutions related to context awareness and IoT. Our goal is not only to analyse, compare and consolidate past research work but also to appreciate their findings and discuss their applicability towards the IoT.

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Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey

The Web is moving from being a collection of pages toward a collection of services that interoperate through the Internet. The first step toward this interoperation is the location of other services that can help toward the solution of a problem. In this paper we claim that location of web services should be based on the semantic match between a declarative description of the service being sought, and a description of the service being offered. Furthermore, we claim that this match is outside the representation capabilities of registries such as UDDI and languages such as WSDL.We propose a solution based on DAML-S, a DAML-based language for service description, and we show how service capabilities are presented in the Profile section of a DAML-S description and how a semantic match between advertisements and requests is performed.

https://www.cmpe.boun.edu.tr/~pyolum/cmpe596/papers/matchmaking.pdf

Semantic Matching of Web Services Capabilities

Knowledge Management

This survey provides a conceptual introduction to ontologies and their role in information systems and AI. The authors also discuss how ontologies clarify the domain's structure of knowledge and enable knowledge sharing.

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What are ontologies, and why do we need them?

The Semantic Web - ISWC 2005: 4th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2005, Galway, Ireland, November 6 - 10, 2005, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)

Invited Paper.- Using the Semantic Web for e-Science: Inspiration, Incubation, Irritation.- Semantic Acceleration Helping Realize the Semantic Web Vision or "The Practical Web".- Semantic Web Public Policy Challenges: Privacy, Provenance, Property and Personhood.- Research/Academic Track.- Constructing Complex Semantic Mappings Between XML Data and Ontologies.- Stable Model Theory for Extended RDF Ontologies.- Towards a Formal Verification of OWL-S Process Models.- Web Service Composition with Volatile Information.- A Large Scale Taxonomy Mapping Evaluation.- RDF Entailment as a Graph Homomorphism.- RitroveRAI: A Web Application for Semantic Indexing and Hyperlinking of Multimedia News.- Querying Ontologies: A Controlled English Interface for End-Users.- Semantic Browsing of Digital Collections.- Decentralized Case-Based Reasoning for the Semantic Web.- Finding and Ranking Knowledge on the Semantic Web.- Choreography in IRS-III - Coping with Heterogeneous Interaction Patterns in Web Services.- Bootstrapping Ontology Alignment Methods with APFEL.- A Strategy for Automated Meaning Negotiation in Distributed Information Retrieval.- On Applying the AGM Theory to DLs and OWL.- A General Diagnosis Method for Ontologies.- Graph-Based Inferences in a Semantic Web Server for the Cartography of Competencies in a Telecom Valley.- Ontology Design Patterns for Semantic Web Content.- Guidelines for Benchmarking the Performance of Ontology Management APIs.- Semantically Rich Recommendations in Social Networks for Sharing, Exchanging and Ranking Semantic Context.- On Partial Encryption of RDF-Graphs.- Seven Bottlenecks to Workflow Reuse and Repurposing.- On Logical Consequence for Collections of OWL Documents.- A Framework for Handling Inconsistency in Changing Ontologies.- Preferential Reasoning on a Web of Trust.- Resolution-Based Approximate Reasoning for OWL DL.- Reasoning with Multi-version Ontologies: A Temporal Logic Approach.- Piggy Bank: Experience the Semantic Web Inside Your Web Browser.- BRAHMS: A WorkBench RDF Store and High Performance Memory System for Semantic Association Discovery.- A Template-Based Markup Tool for Semantic Web Content.- Representing Web Service Policies in OWL-DL.- Information Modeling for End to End Composition of Semantic Web Services.- Searching Dynamic Communities with Personal Indexes.- RUL: A Declarative Update Language for RDF.- Ontologies Are Us: A Unified Model of Social Networks and Semantics.- OMEN: A Probabilistic Ontology Mapping Tool.- On the Properties of Metamodeling in OWL.- A Bayesian Network Approach to Ontology Mapping.- Ontology Change Detection Using a Version Log.- RelExt: A Tool for Relation Extraction from Text in Ontology Extension.- Containment and Minimization of RDF/S Query Patterns.- A String Metric for Ontology Alignment.- An Ontological Framework for Dynamic Coordination.- Introducing Autonomic Behaviour in Semantic Web Agents.- Combining RDF and Part of OWL with Rules: Semantics, Decidability, Complexity.- Benchmarking Database Representations of RDF/S Stores.- Towards Imaging Large-Scale Ontologies for Quick Understanding and Analysis.- Automatic Evaluation of Ontologies (AEON).- A Method to Combine Linguistic Ontology-Mapping Techniques.- Debugging OWL-DL Ontologies: A Heuristic Approach.- Rapid Benchmarking for Semantic Web Knowledge Base Systems.- Using Triples for Implementation: The Triple20 Ontology-Manipulation Tool.- A Little Semantic Web Goes a Long Way in Biology.- Provenance-Based Validation of E-Science Experiments.- Industrial Track.- Semantic Service Integration for Water Resource Management.- Towards a Killer App for the Semantic Web.- Enterprise Architecture Reference Modeling in OWL/RDF.- MediaCaddy - Semantic Web Based On-Demand Content Navigation System for Entertainment.- LKMS - A Legal Knowledge Management System Exploiting Semantic Web Technologies.- Definitions Management: A Semantics-Based Approach for Clinical Documentation in Healthcare Delivery.- Ubiquitous Service Finder Discovery of Services Semantically Derived from Metadata in Ubiquitous Computing.- Ontological Approach to Generating Personalized User Interfaces for Web Services.- On Identifying Knowledge Processing Requirements.- An Application of Semantic Web Technologies to Situation Awareness.- Task Knowledge Based Retrieval for Service Relevant to Mobile User's Activity.- Supporting Rule System Interoperability on the Semantic Web with SWRL.- Automated Business-to-Business Integration of a Logistics Supply Chain Using Semantic Web Services Technology.- A Semantic Search Engine for the International Relation Sector.- Gnowsis Adapter Framework: Treating Structured Data Sources as Virtual RDF Graphs.- Do Not Use This Gear with a Switching Lever! Automotive Industry Experience with Semantic Guides.- The Concept Object Web for Knowledge Management.- Semantic Web Challenge.- The Personal Publication Reader.- DynamicView: Distribution, Evolution and Visualization of Research Areas in Computer Science.- Oyster - Sharing and Re-using Ontologies in a Peer-to-Peer Community.- The FungalWeb Ontology: Semantic Web Challenges in Bioinformatics and Genomics.- CONFOTO: A Semantic Browsing and Annotation Service for Conference Photos.

/pdf/the-semantic-web-iswc-2005-3q9ckj0h17.pdf

The Semantic Web – ISWC 2005

Most enterprises agree that knowledge is an essential asset for success and survival on a increasingly competitive and global market. This awareness is one of the main reasons for the exponential growth of knowledge management in the past decade. Our approach to knowledge management is based on ontologies, and makes knowledge assets intelligently accessible to people in organizations. Most company-vital knowledge resides in the heads of people, and thus successful knowledge management does not only consider technical aspects but also social ones. In this paper, we describe an approach to intelligent knowledge management that explicitly takes into account the social issues involved. The proof of concept is given by a large-scale initiative involving knowledge management of a virtual organization.

/pdf/knowledge-management-through-ontologies-3k3vu944ta.pdf

Knowledge Management through Ontologies

Context of the Book.- Law and the Semantic Web, an Introduction.- Introduction: Legal Informatics and the Conceptions of the Law.- Statistical Study of Judicial Practices.- Theoretical Papers: Legal Ontologies and Methodologies.- Use and Reuse of Legal Ontologies in Knowledge Engineering and Information Management.- Types and Roles of Legal Ontologies.- CAUSATI O NT : Modeling Causation in AI&Law.- A Constructive Framework for Legal Ontologies.- On the Ontological Status of Norms.- Building Legal Ontologies with METHONTOLOGY and WebODE.- Institutional Pragmatics and Legal Ontology Limits of the Descriptive Approach of Texts.- Practice Papers: Information Retrieval and Applications.- Using NLP Techniques to Identify Legal Ontology Components: Concepts and Relations.- A Methodology to Create Legal Ontologies in a Logic Programming Information Retrieval System.- Iuriservice: An Intelligent Frequently Asked Questions System to Assist Newly Appointed Judges.- NetCase: An Intelligent System to Assist Legal Services Providers in Transnational Legal Networks.- No Model Behaviour: Ontologies for Fraud Detection.

V. Richard Benjamins

Papers

Knowledge engineering: principles and methods

The Semantic Web - ISWC 2005: 4th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2005, Galway, Ireland, November 6 - 10, 2005, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)

The Semantic Web – ISWC 2005

Knowledge Management through Ontologies

Law and the Semantic Web: legal Ontologies, Methodologies, Legal Information Retrieval, and Applications