The aim of this paper is to develop a more accurate PCB inspection system In this method captured colored images are natural images ie without any precustomized environment and hence the every time the capture images varies with lighting conditions, the distance and inclination and these issues are to be handled effectively Most of the work in this regard just detects the location of the fault but merely little work has been carried out to identify the type of the PCB faults automatically This paper attempts to detect two types of PCB faults effectively

Identification of PCB faults using image processing

Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is one of the wireless communication technologies adopted for communication in smart grids. Due to the inherent differences between smart grid and mobile broadband applications, it is important to adjust planning and deployment of wireless technologies, including WiMAX. To this end, WiMAX is being amended to feature a smart grid system profile known as WiGrid. In this paper, we investigate the optimized configuration of this WiGrid profile, i.e., the choice of frame duration, type-of-service to traffic mapping, scheduling strategies, as well as the system architecture, such that smart grid communication requirements are met. The simulation-based evaluation of WiGrid networks with optimized configurations is facilitated through a newly developed WiGrid module for the network simulator-3 environment. Our results indicate that a priority-based scheduler is an appropriate solution for scheduling time-critical smart grid applications. Furthermore, schedulers should be implemented in such a way that grant sizes smaller than the packet size are avoided, and adjusting the uplink/downlink bandwidth ratio to favor uplink traffic is important to achieve the required latency defined for smart grid applications.

Optimized WiMAX Profile Configuration for Smart Grid Communications

With the ongoing trends in the energy sector such as vehicular electrification and renewable energy, smart grid is clearly playing a more and more important role in the electric power system industry. One essential feature of the smart grid is the information flow over the high-speed, reliable and secure data communication network in order to manage the complex power systems effectively and intelligently. Smart grids utilize bidirectional communication to function where traditional power grids mainly only use one-way communication. The communication requirements and suitable technique differ depending on the specific environment and scenario. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date survey on the communication technologies used in the smart grid, including the communication requirements, physical layer technologies, network architectures, and research challenges. This survey aims to help the readers identify the potential research problems in the continued research on the topic of smart grid communications.

Communication Technologies for Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey

This paper presents a cyber-physical testbed, developed to investigate the complex interactions between emerging microgrid technologies such as grid-interactive power sources, control systems, and a wide variety of communication platforms and bandwidths. The cyber-physical testbed consists of three major components for testing and validation: real time models of a distribution feeder model with microgrid assets that are integrated into the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) platform; real-time capable network-simulator-in-the-loop (NSIL) models; and physical hardware including inverters and a simple system controller. Several load profiles and microgrid configurations were tested to examine the effect on system performance with increasing channel delays and router processing delays in the network simulator. Testing demonstrated that the controller's ability to maintain a target grid import power band was severely diminished with increasing network delays and laid the foundation for future testing of more complex cyber-physical systems.

Cyber-physical test platform for microgrids: Combining hardware, hardware-in-the-loop, and network-simulator-in-the-loop

In Smart grid network, number of smart meters and other electronic devices such as sensors will generate large quantity of data. Secure and reliable aggregation of this data to the utility center is necessary for monitoring of wide area network and various control functions. This data will also be utilized to determine the overall grid status within appropriate time. Hence secure, reliable, efficient, robust data communication network is important in smart grid. Various wireless communication standards like WiMAX, GSM, GPRS, and UMTS cellular communication, LTE, ZigBee, Bluetooth, and WLAN etc. are experimented to develop smart grid communication network for distribution system. In this paper, we present an overview of work done by the researchers using WiMAX as a good choice of technology for smart grid communication network.

WiMAX for data aggregation in smart grid communication network—A review

The ever-increasing demand of electrical energy makes it necessary to develop an efficient load demand management system for the electricity grids so that it gets converted into Smart grid. There are several standardized wireless communication technologies available for various smart grid applications among which (WiMAX) is seen as a well recognized technology able to fulfill the requirements of smart grid's applications namely wide area connectivity and the quality of service (QoS) differentiated services. This paper proposes a WiMAX based traffic priority model for smart grid connecting Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and Home Area Network (HAN) serving five different applications. Parameters namely overall network delay, throughput and network capacity are studied using OPNET 14.5 and also the implications of the cell size, number of users and interpolling interval (IPT) are analyzed.

Performance analysis of WiMAX based Smart grid communication traffic priority model

Images of outdoor scenes are usually degraded under bad weather conditions, which results in a hazy image. In this paper, two image priors, called the pixel-based dark channel prior and the pixel-based bright channel prior are used to remove haze from a hazy image. Based on the two priors with the haze imaging model, the atmospheric light is estimated via haze density analysis followed by finding the transmission map. Since the transmission map suffers from halos and block artifacts, we refine it via guided filter. The output of a guided filter is a linear transform of the guidance image. Guidance image can be the input image itself or another different image. In our case Guidance image is hazy image.

Efficient image dehazing based on pixel based dark channel prior and guided filter

The relay site planning (RSP) is investigated to meet increasing demand for the data rate improvement. Network planning tools are routinely used to improve the system performance and to provide a satisfactory service with minimal deployment cost. A quality of service aware optimal relay selection and power allocation under total power constraint is proposed. Impact of site planning on the characteristic of relay backhaul link and the deployment of multiple relay node are carried out, to further reduce the computational cost, complexity and to minimize interference at the relay served destination and the BS-served destination. In the proposed system, location of relay is optimally found in order to increase coverage, and for sharing the resource within the cell coverage, this will accommodate more number of users. The results obtained overall system throughput improvements, increased coverage and reduction in costly antenna structures.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6937465/6949766/06949944.pdf

V. Saminadan

Papers

Performance analysis of WiMAX based Smart grid communication traffic priority model

Efficient image dehazing based on pixel based dark channel prior and guided filter

Performance evaluation of relay site planning