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Forensic Structural Engineering Handbook

In setting foot on stage, every performer risks the possiblity of failure. Indeed, the very performance of any human action is inextricable from its potential not to succeed. This inherent potential has become a key critical trope in contemporary theatre, performance studies, and scholarship around visual cultures. Beyond Failure explores what it means for our understanding not just of theatrical practice but of human social and cultural activity more broadly.

The essays in this volume tackle contemporary debates around the theory and poetics of failure, suggesting that in the absence of success can be found a defiance and hopefulness that points to new ways of knowing and being in the world.

Beyond Failure offers a unique and engaging approach for students and practitioners interested not only in the impact of failure on the stage, but what it means for wider social and cultural debates.

Beyond Failure : New Essays on the Cultural History of Failure in Theatre and Performance

I LIST OF CONTENTS II LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF FIGURES XII DEDICATION XVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XVII DECLARATION XVIII ABBREVIATIONS XIX CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.

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Developing a comprehensive construction delay analysis technique

Claims and Forensic Engineering in Tunneling

Engineering law, design liability, and professional ethics : an introduction for engineers

The human society has witnessed failures of many landmark structures right from that of tower of Babel to the collapse of Hotel Hyatt Regency walkway, U.S.A. Despite advancement of technology and improvements in the field of construction, failures are inevitable even today. Till recently, the failure of Kota Chambal Bridge created lot of panic to look for integrity and investigation of the conditions of all bridges by railways. All such failures raise curiosity of technologist as to why it happened. Man tries to obtain an answer and ultimately decide on liability. This arena where construction and law meet to investigate the cause of failure as well as determine liability is called forensic engineering. 

Literature suggests that forensic engineering is a quite widespread practice in the U.S.A whereas in India, not only there is lack of enough standards for investigation but also lesser practice of the same. Most often, failures in India are either police or insurance matters. It is therefore the object of this study to develop forensic investigation standards based on the time at which the failure occurs during building life cycle and how to minimize the socio-economic losses occurring consequentially. A questionnaire was circulated among more than 140 professionals in reputed firms in the construction and legal industry to gather information on how they/their organisation deal with failures, during what phase they occur, whether there are any legal implications and to what extent need is felt for a systematic approach to investigations of failures. Out of these 140 professionals, as many as 41 have responded to the query and contribute very important information. The questionnaire reveals that the industry feels there is a dire need for adopting forensic engineering and the only standards they rely on is non-destructive tests. A number of cases of failures in India and in U.S.A., which have occurred during construction and service period stages of life cycle of structure, were studied for their process, reports and laws of investigations. They have been evaluated for the socio-economic losses that occurred and the way how legal implications were dealt with by the parties or investigators involved. 

It is revealed so far that more often than not, an innocent professional is convicted without first investigating scientifically the cause. The game of blame shifting gets momentum. It is also found that depending on when the failure occurs during the building life cycle, the investigation process needs to be adapted accordingly. Finally, certain recommendations will be proposed for each phase, based on the differences between the process of investigation adopted in U.S.A and India.

Developing Forensic Investigation Standards to Effectively Deal with Structural Failures

Construction is a commercial process which is very sensitive to changes and dependent on market parameters. It is because of these factors that changes are orders of the trade. Usually it is Time overrun that leads to Cost overrun because time is money; it is absolutely true in construction industry. The employer wants the construction to be completed as early as possible so that he can have the fruits of his investment and therefore he usually builds in a clause in contract suggesting time as essence of contract. In event of contractor failing to complete the work within the expected time, he would be liable to pay certain compensation which is designated as Liquidated damages.

There is hardly a project which can be performed as planned and as envisaged. The projects are programmed to be performed. However due to number of Reasons, the project are confronted with unanticipated situations resulting in delay. The project requires changes to be resolved and time to be compensated. The one single cause of dispute in differences between the parties to a contract revolves around the issue of compensation arising out of and related to time. In other words, Delay Damage Analysis is at the center of search for efficient contract management. In fact the construction management to a large extent is How to Analyze Delay Damages.

This study helps the construction manager to evaluate compensation for whatever the delays had occurred as also to evaluate the compensation to be recovered as and by way of liquidated damage. It is this study which provides the construction manager with data to grant extension of time as also to evaluate the extra amount payable by way of escalation.

In short analysis of delay damages is at the core of estimation of compensation payable or recoverable from either of the parties to the contract. However by study of various projects of infrastructures, it is observed that hardly any project has achieved time and cost parameters. It is also revealed from the various case studies that majority of the projects landed in litigations and major cause was time over run and there by additional cost on the project.

It is also observed that from study of cases and also by attending arbitration related to construction contracts that there is no systematic mechanism to monitor the delay caused on the project. Though project management system exists but is not scientifically developed to achieve the proper records of data and dates. During the research it is observed that in developed country they have scientific methodology to take care of Delay on completion of project and there by analyzing the same for the probable cost impact. This prompted to carry out research on this topic and develop or create awareness of use of any methodology which can reduce long and costly litigation.

Vandana Bhatt

Papers

Developing Forensic Investigation Standards to Effectively Deal with Structural Failures

Analytic Study of Construction Delays