Circular economy-driven two-stage supply chain management for nullifying waste

Environmental protection and the availability of natural resources help to maintain sustainability for manufacturing system. Reusing/remanufacturing economically viable used products, collected from end customers, has become an integral part of many supply chain operations. Remanufacturing with green investment plays an essential role in sustainable supply chain management by utilizing an environment-friendly approach. Considering this environmental, social, and economic development of society, this model mainly focuses on the flexibility of production rate under the multi-retailer based supply chain to satisfy customer’s demand. In this study, the manufacturer produces final products from new raw materials and used collected products. Subsequently, the products are transported to retailers and sold along with their service facilities. A mathematical model of this flexible manufacturing–remanufacturing system is developed to improve the service and to maintain sustainability always. The global optimization is established theoretically and a proposition is developed. Through numerical experiments, the global optimality is also verified. Some special cases, along with a comparison graph, are also provided for the validation of this results. The obtained results indicate that the concerned idea of service facility helps the customer to choose products without hesitation and the supply chain management achieves the maximum profit under green investment. It is found that the proposed study converges over the fixed production rate and without service studies. • We propose a sustainable supply chain model under environment friendly approach. • Multi-retailer based SCM is developed with a flexible production and a variable demand. • Service facility under manufacturing–remanufacturing maximizes the SCM total profit. • Separate holding costs for fresh and recovered items are helpful for smooth business. • The SCM is developed through a green investment and a waste reduction initiative. 

A sustainable flexible manufacturing-remanufacturing model with improved service and green investment under variable demand

A sustainable smart multi-type biofuel manufacturing with the optimum energy utilization under flexible production

One of the most successful ways to get the word out about a product’s popularity across all types of customers is through advertising. It has a valuable direct influence on increasing product demand. The supply chain model is developed for manufacturer and retailer, where advertisements are dependent on demand. The advertisement rate has been considered a function that has enhanced at a diminishing rate concerning time, although the growth rate slowed. During the manufacturing cycle, the market’s demand is a function of advertisement, and the customer’s demand is a linear function of time. The production rate exceeds the demand rate during manufacturing and remanufacturing; shortages are not faced. It involves a manufacturing/remanufacturing process that quickly delivers consumer products and less waste. To keep the environment clean, the cost of carbon emissions is incorporated into the manufacturer’s and supplier’s holding and degrading costs. The model’s primary purpose is to minimize the overall cost of manufacturing and remanufacturing. The overall cost during the manufacturing cycle is higher than that during the remanufacturing cycle. This study confirms that the increasing cost of advertising provides the continuous increasing value of the total cost. A numerical example is provided, graphical representation and sensitivity analysis determine the function’s behavior and test the model. 

Manufacturing/remanufacturing based supply chain management under advertisements and carbon emissions process

With the advancement of technologies, industries tries to adopt the advantages of the technology. Customers are busy in their daily life, and the online platform is the best option for retail, whereas traditional customers still prefer to visit the retail shop. Few customers choose the product online but buy it online or vice-versa. Owing to all those circumstances, current study focuses on an intelligent dual channel (online-to-offine) strategy in industry to arrange the optimal services for customers. The selling price of the product vary with different channel, which helps to determine the demand of product for entire supply chain. Two important factors, backorder and lead-time are examined precisely through marginal value which helps to arrange optimal service and calculate the exact profit. The profit for a centralized and decentralized case are computed for both the players. Some propositions are developed to prove the global optimality. Numerical results prove that a centralized case provides 7.77% better pro t than a decentralized case due to bonding between the players.

Intelligent servicing strategy for an online-to-offline (O2O) supply chain under demand variability and controllable lead time

Supply chain management aims to integrate environmental thinking with efficient energy consumption into supply chain management. It includes a flexible manufacturing process, more product delivery to customers, optimum energy consumption, and reduced waste. The manufacturing process can be made more flexible through volume agility. In this scenario, production cannot be constant, and with the concept of volume agility, production is taken as a decision variable under the effect of optimum energy consumption. Considering a two-echelon supply chain, we consider a producer and supplier with two-level-trade-credit policies (TLTCP) with the optimum consumption. To reduce the integrated total inventory cost, we believe that demand is a function of the credit period and selling price. The cost function is analyzed, either with the credit period dependent demand rate or with the selling price dependent demand rate through the numerical examples under energy costs. Energy and carbon emission costs are introduced in setup/ordering cost, holding cost, and item cost for producer and supplier. The effect of inflation on the total cost cannot be ignored; this model is being developed for deteriorating items with the simultaneous impact of volume agility, energy, carbon emission cost, and two-level-trade-credit policies with inflation. This supply chain model was solved analytically and obtained the optimum decision variables in a quasi-closed form solution. An illustrative theorem is being utilized to analyze the optimum result for all the decision parameters. The convexity of the objective function is being obtained analytically as well as graphically. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are employed to illustrate the present study and with managerial insights.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/6/1569/pdf

Impact of energy and carbon emission of a supply chain management with two-level trade-credit policy

A multi-item production-inventory model for a two-echelon supply chain model is developed in this paper. In supply chain we consider two players one is manufacturer and other is retailer. In the proposed model it is assumed that manufacturing process in not perfect and unit manufacturing cost is the function of production rate. During transportation, due to improper handling lot received by the retailer contains imperfect items. So, to maintain the goodwill in market screening process is carried out at retailer ends. Due to learning phenomenon, percentage of defective items present in each lot follows the learning curve. Partial back ordering is considered at retailer’s ends. To increase the demand, supports of promotional activity such as advertisement is taken by the decision maker and cost of advertisement is bear by both the player. Two different approaches, one is integrated approach and other is leader-follower approach optimal solution of the supply chain has been obtained. Proposed model is illustrated with the help of numerical example and sensitivity analysis is carried out with respect to different parameters.

Vandana

Papers

Impact of energy and carbon emission of a supply chain management with two-level trade-credit policy

Integrated model with imperfect production process under the effect of learning