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Verónica Palomares

Bio: Verónica Palomares is an academic researcher from University of the Basque Country. The author has contributed to research in topics: Battery (electricity) & Vanadium. The author has an hindex of 19, co-authored 34 publications receiving 4608 citations. Previous affiliations of Verónica Palomares include Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures.

Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of Na-ion battery materials is presented, with the aim of providing a wide view of the systems that have already been explored and a starting point for the new research on this battery technology.
Abstract: Energy production and storage have become key issues concerning our welfare in daily life. Present challenges for batteries are twofold. In the first place, the increasing demand for powering systems of portable electronic devices and zero-emission vehicles stimulates research towards high energy and high voltage systems. In the second place, low cost batteries are required in order to advance towards smart electric grids that integrate discontinuous energy flow from renewable sources, optimizing the performance of clean energy sources. Na-ion batteries can be the key for the second point, because of the huge availability of sodium, its low price and the similarity of both Li and Na insertion chemistries. In spite of the lower energy density and voltage of Na-ion based technologies, they can be focused on applications where the weight and footprint requirement is less drastic, such as electrical grid storage. Much work has to be done in the field of Na-ion in order to catch up with Li-ion technology. Cathodic and anodic materials must be optimized, and new electrolytes will be the key point for Na-ion success. This review will gather the up-to-date knowledge about Na-ion battery materials, with the aim of providing a wide view of the systems that have already been explored and a starting point for the new research on this battery technology.

3,017 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of two novel energy storage systems: Na-aqueous batteries and Na-O2 technology is explored, and new advances on nonaqueous Na-ion systems are summarized.
Abstract: This work presents an up-to-date information on Na-based battery materials. On the one hand, it explores the feasibility of two novel energy storage systems: Na-aqueous batteries and Na–O2 technology. On the other hand, it summarises new advances on non-aqueous Na-ion systems. Although all of them can be placed under the umbrella of Na-based systems, aqueous and oxygen-based batteries are arising technologies with increasing significance in energy storage research, while non-aqueous sodium-ion technology has become one of the most important research lines in this field. These systems meet different requirements of energy storage: Na-aqueous batteries will have a determining role as a low cost and safer technology; Na–O2 systems can be the key technology to overcome the need for high energy density storage devices; and non-aqueous Na-ion batteries have application in the field of stationary energy storage.

873 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanism of Na insertion and extraction in the FePO4-NaFePO4 system was examined, and the mechano-chemical aspects of the charge and discharge reactions were also discussed.
Abstract: In this paper we examine the mechanism of Na insertion and extraction in the FePO4–NaFePO4 system. Chemical preparation of the intermediate Na1−xFePO4 phase has revealed the existence of a range of stable compositions with different Na+/vacancy arrangements. The mechano-chemical aspects of the charge and discharge reactions are also discussed.

176 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, different samples of the sodium-vanadium fluorophosphate cathodic materials have been synthesized via the hydrothermal method, varying the type and content of carbon used in the synthesis.
Abstract: Different samples of the sodium–vanadium fluorophosphate cathodic materials have been synthesized via the hydrothermal method, varying the type and content of carbon used in the synthesis. Structural characterization of the composites was performed by powder X-ray diffraction. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) polycrystalline spectra indicate that some of the samples exhibit V3+/V4+ mixed valence, with the general formula Na3V2O2x(PO4)2F3−2x where 0 ≤ x < 1. The morphology of the materials was analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). A correlation between the type and content of carbon with the electrochemical behavior of the different samples was established. Electrochemical measurements conducted using Swagelok-type cells showed two voltage plateaux at 3.6 and 4.1 V vs. Na/Na+. The best performing sample, which comprised a moderate percentage of electrochemical grade carbon as additive, exhibited specific capacity values of about 100 mA h g−1 at 1C (≈80% of theoretical specific capacity). Cyclability tests at 1C proved good reversibility of the material that maintained 98% of initial specific capacity for 30 cycles.

157 citations


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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

3,776 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

3,009 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed and compared the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in available electrode materials.
Abstract: Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the huge abundant sodium resources and low cost. In this article, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. We compare the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in the available electrode materials. This review also includes some new results from our group and our thoughts on developing new materials. Some perspectives and directions on designing better materials for practical applications are pointed out based on knowledge from the literature and our experience. Through this extensive literature review, the search for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials for stationary sodium-ion batteries is still challenging. However, after intensive research efforts, we believe that low-cost, long-life and room-temperature sodium-ion batteries would be promising for applications in large-scale energy storage system in the near future.

2,687 citations