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The field of 3D printing is continuing its rapid development in both academic and industrial research environments. The development of 3D printing technologies has opened new implementations in rapid prototyping, tooling, dentistry, microfluidics, biomedical devices, tissue engineering, drug delivery, etc. Among different 3D printing techniques, photopolymerization-based process (such as stereolithography and digital light processing) offers flexibility over the final properties of the 3D printed materials (such as optical, chemical, and mechanical properties) using versatile polymer chemistry. The strategy behind the 3D photopolymerization is based on using monomers/oligomers in liquid state (in the presence of photoinitiators) that can be photopolymerized (via radical or cationic mechanism) upon exposure to light source of different wavelengths (depending on the photoinitiator system). An overview of recent evolutions in the field of photopolymerization-based 3D printing and highlights of novel 3D print...

Photopolymerization in 3D Printing

Progress in dimethacrylate-based dental composite technology and curing efficiency

Bond strength of universal adhesives: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Advances in synthesis of calcium phosphate crystals with controlled size and shape.

Degree of conversion and microhardness of TPO-containing resin-based composites cured by polywave and monowave LED units.

Comparison of the hybrid layer formed by Silorane adhesive, one-step self-etch and etch and rinse systems using confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy and SEM.

Micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis of the degree of conversion of composite resins containing different initiators cured by polywave or monowave LED units

The aim of this study was to determine and correlate the degree of conversion (DC) with Vickers hardness (VH) and translucency parameter (TP) with the depth of cure (DoC) of five bulk-fill composites. Six specimens per group, consisting of Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (“TEC Bulk,” Ivoclar Vivadent), SonicFill (Kerr), SDR Smart Dentin Replacement (“SDR,” Dentsply), Xenius base (“Xenius,” StickTech; commercialized as EverX Posterior, GC), Filtek Bulk Fill flowable (“Filtek Bulk,” 3M ESPE), and Tetric EvoCeram (“TEC,” control), were prepared for DC and VH: two 2-mm-thick layers, each light-cured for 10 s; one 4-mm bulk-fill, light-cured for 10 or 20 s; and one 6-mm bulk-fill, cured for 20 s. DC was measured using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, VH using a Vickers hardness tester. DoC and TP were measured using an acetone-shaking test and a spectrophotometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation (α = 0.05). DC and VH ranged between 40–70 % and 30–80 VHN, respectively. TEC Bulk, Xenius, and SonicFill, bulk-filled as 4-mm-thick specimens, showed bottom-to-top hardness ratios above 80 % after 20 s curing. A positive linear correlation was found for bottom DC and VH. An average DC ratio of 0.9 corresponded to a bottom-to-top VH ratio of 0.8. Sculptable bulk-fills require 20 s, whereas 10 s curing time was sufficient for flowable bulk-fills using a high-intensity LED unit. Clinicians should be aware that longer curing times may be required for sculptable than flowable bulk-fill composites in order to achieve optimal curing characteristics.

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Vesna Miletic

Papers

Degree of conversion and microhardness of TPO-containing resin-based composites cured by polywave and monowave LED units.

Comparison of the hybrid layer formed by Silorane adhesive, one-step self-etch and etch and rinse systems using confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy and SEM.

Micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis of the degree of conversion of composite resins containing different initiators cured by polywave or monowave LED units

Curing characteristics of flowable and sculptable bulk-fill composites

Monomer elution from nanohybrid and ormocer-based composites cured with different light sources.