▪ Abstract This article strives to meet two challenges. As a review, it provides a critical discussion of the scholarship concerning undocumented migration, with a special emphasis on ethnographically informed works that foreground significant aspects of the everyday life of undocumented migrants. But another key concern here is to formulate more precisely the theoretical status of migrant “illegality” and deportability in order that further research related to undocumented migration may be conceptualized more rigorously. This review considers the study of migrant “illegality” as an epistemological, methodological, and political problem, in order to then formulate it as a theoretical problem. The article argues that it is insufficient to examine the “illegality” of undocumented migration only in terms of its consequences and that it is necessary also to produce historically informed accounts of the sociopolitical processes of “illegalization” themselves, which can be characterized as the legal production ...

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Migrant “Illegality” and Deportability in Everyday Life

This offers the first broad treatment of the city in both its historic and its contemporary aspects. For distinction, entertainment, information, scholarship, and general human interest [this] is one of the most distinguished books (Forum). Index; photographs. "

The Culture of Cities

An economic theory of the effectiveness of industrial pressure groups in obtaining favorable tariffs is developed and tested for the United States Tariff Act of 1824. Import duties bestow nonexclusive benefits on factors of production or costs on product users. From the theory of public goods, it is postulated that small, homogeneous, geographically concentrated groups would react more intensely to the expected effects of tariffs in attempting to influence the legislature. However, in Congress (where majority support was necessary) it was a disadvantage for an import duty to be identified as too local or narrow an interest. This paper attempts empirically to sort out these conflicting forces, and finds inter alia that the ideal industry pressure groups in 1824 had low proprietorial income shares and geographically concentrated production units, but that political effectiveness required the group to speak for many establishments with output spread fairly evenly across states.

Pressure Groups and the Pattern of Tariffs

During the past 50 years forests have recolonized extensive areas of Puerto Rico. Between 1950 and 1990 forest cover increased from 9% to 37% of the island's land area. In proportional terms more land has reverted to forest in Puerto Rico than anywhere else on earth during the second half of the twentieth century. This paper explores the geography of this process by matching changes in land cover with the characteristics of the land and communities in Puerto Rico. The reversion of agricultural lands to forest occurred most frequently in humid, upland, coffee-growing regions characterized by heavy out-migration and populations of smallholders who earned some of their income from off-farm sources. These findings suggest that changes in non-farm labor markets, as well as changes in the political economy of agriculture, have important impacts on the prospects for converting agricultural lands into forests.

When Fields Revert to Forest: Development and Spontaneous Reforestation in Post-War Puerto Rico

The contribution to growth from the steam engine-Industrial Revolution icon and prime example of a "General Purpose Technology"-has remained unclear. This article examines the role that a particular design improvement in steam power, embodied in the Corliss engine, played in the growth of the U.S. economy in the late nineteenth century. Using detailed data on the location of Corliss engines and waterwheels and a two-stage estimation strategy, we show that the deployment of Corliss engines served as a catalyst for the industry's massive relocation into large urban centers, thus fueling agglomeration economies and further population growth. The steam engine has long been regarded as the icon of the Industrial Revolution, even though the extent of its singular contribution to growth has been the subject of much debate. A casual excursion into the history of this prime mover and of its vast array of uses suggests that the steam engine fits well the notion of "General-Purpose Technologies" (GPTs), and may constitute a prime example of such epochal innovations. From pumping water out of mines and driving the mechanized factories in Britain, to powering virtually the entire industrial sector in the United States by the early twentieth century, the steam engine found its way to the major economic activities of the industrial nations over a span of a century. Moreover, steam became in the course of the nineteenth century the main power source for water and land transportation, breaking the barriers of geographic isolation and bringing about a huge expansion of markets. We focus in this article on the Corliss steam engine, a highly innovative embodiment of stationary, high-pressure steam engines, which became the dominant design in the United States for large stationary engines in the late nineteenth century. Indeed, we shall argue that the Corliss engine played a

Victor S. Clark

Papers

History of manufactures in the United States

Porto Rico and its problems

Mexican labor in the United States

The labour movement in Australasia

The Labour Movement in Australasia: A Study in Social-democracy