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Species Diversity In Space And Time

This new release of the package contains 27 FORTRAN and 4 BASIC programs written for IBM-PC and compatible machines and Apple Macintosh II, Plus and SE personal computers. Widely used standard multivariate methods and specific data analytical techniques, some of them suggested by the author, are represented in the package. The procedures programmed include hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering, fuzzy classifications, block clustering, ordination, character ranking, comparison of classifications and ordinations, consensus methods, Monte Carlo simulation of distributions of partition agreement, simulated sampling based on digitized point patterns, and information theory functions for evaluating species assemblages. This paper gives general information on the programs; technical details are presented in the user’s manual.

SYN-TAX IV. Computer Programs for Data Analysis in Ecology and Systematics

. The effects of grazing, physical disturbance, interspecific competition, and fire on populations of individual species and on the structure and diversity of grassland communities were investigated in short-, mid-, and tall-grasslands in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. The treatments included deep and shallow artificial disturbances, early dry-season burning, and removal of dominant grass species from 2m2 plots located inside and outside of large-mammal-proof exclosures. Species-cover data were collected for five years and analyzed by analysis of variance and diversity indices.

In all three communities, protection from grazing and physical disturbance had greater impacts on species cover and diversity than removal of dominant species or fire. More species were significantly affected (positively and negatively) by disturbance and protection from grazing (50 - 100%) than by species removals and fire (< 41%). In most cases, the cover of tall, perennial species increased following protection from grazing while the cover of annual and short, perennial species decreased. Over the five years of the study, vegetatively reproducing species benefited more than sexually reproducing species from protection from grazing, and tall rhizomatous species benefited more than tall stoloniferous species.

Disturbance caused annual and short perennial species to increase and tall perennials to decrease in cover. Following species removals, tall species were either unaffected or they increased in cover while some short species increased and others decreased in cover. Species diversity in two of the three communities decreased when the communities were protected from grazing but increased when disturbed, when dominant species were removed, and when burned.

Effects of grazing, competition, disturbance and fire on species composition and diversity in grassland communities

The carnivorous habit in flowering plants represents a grade of structural organization. Different morphological features associated with the attraction, trapping, and digestion of prey characterize a diversity of specialized forms, including the familiar pitcher and flypaper traps. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence data from the plastic rbcL gene indicates that both carnivory and stereotyped trap forms have arisen independently in different lineages of angiosperms. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that flypaper traps share close common ancestry with all other trap forms. Recognition of these patterns of diversification may provide ideal, naturally occurring systems for studies of developmental processes underlying macromorphological evolution in angiosperms.

Carnivorous plants: Phylogeny and structural evolution

The Vegetation Prodrome of Italy was promoted in 2012 by the Italian “Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea Protection”, in collaboration with the “Italian Society of Botany”, to provide a comprehensive and systematic catalogue and description of Italian plant communities. The Prodrome that is presented in this paper is the first full organic synthesis of the vegetation of Italy at the alliance syntaxonomic level. It fulfils several needs, the main one being a unified and comprehensive national framework that may make an important contribution to the definition of the European Vegetation Prodrome. Syntaxonomy, as well as taxonomy, is sometimes based on considerations that may in part diverge: several authors tend to favour models that are divisive or aggregative to a greater or lesser extent in terms of flora, biogeography and ecology. These different points of view stimulate the scientific debate and allow the adoption of a framework that is more widely supported. The Prodrome includes 75 classes, 2 subc...

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Plant communities of Italy: The Vegetation Prodrome

The aquatic plant communities of the Tiber River basin have been examined to evaluate their role as bioindicators of the water quality of the Italian peninsular rivers. The compatibility curves of phytocoenoses to water chemico‐physical gradients show a correlation between the distribution pattern of the vegetation types and the water’s chemico‐physical features, such as different levels of water pollution. In particular, Fontinaletum antipyreticae, Ranunculo‐Sietum, Elodeo‐Potametum crispi and Nasturtietum officinalis develop in meso‐eutrophic and fairly clean water, Potamogeton nodosus community and Ceratophylletum demersi in eutrophic water of medium quality, while Myriophylletum spicati and especially Potametum pectinati and algal communities with Entheromorpha flexuosa are found in hypertrophic water of poor quality. These phytocoenoses can be utilised as valid bioindicators of water quality. On the contrary, Callitrichetum stagnalis, Myriophylletum verticillati, Najadetum marinae and algal ...

Role of macrophyte communities as bioindicators of water quality: Application on the Tiber River basin (Italy)

The definition of vegetation types at different hierarchical levels, both to study the vegetation processes and for practical cartographic representation, is still considered a critical issue in many circles of plant ecologists. The problems are mainly related to the misleading idea that classification of the vegetation system, as developed by European phytosociologists during the last century within the discipline called syntaxonomy, would imply the assumption of the organismic concept of the plant community. After a short discussion on the role of Braun-Blanquet approach in plant ecology and in landscape ecology, the methods to detect multispecies responses along environmental gradients are briefly reviewed. In the main part of this article, we intend to stress that concepts considered critical, such as plant association and its ecological niche, are just operational tools that have nothing to do with the individualistic or organismic interpretation of plant communities in vegetation studies. Important ...

Modelling Environmental Responses of Plant Associations: A Review of Some Critical Concepts in Vegetation Study

Syntaxonomic revision of the Apennine grasslands belonging to Brometalia erecti, and an analysis of their relationships with the xerophilous vegetation of Rosmarinetea officinalis (Italy)

Vincenzo Zuccarello

Papers

Role of macrophyte communities as bioindicators of water quality: Application on the Tiber River basin (Italy)

Modelling Environmental Responses of Plant Associations: A Review of Some Critical Concepts in Vegetation Study

Syntaxonomic revision of the Apennine grasslands belonging to Brometalia erecti, and an analysis of their relationships with the xerophilous vegetation of Rosmarinetea officinalis (Italy)

Aquatic bryophytes as ecological indicators of the water quality status in the Tiber River basin (Italy).

Phytoremediation performance of Lemna communities in a constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment