Automated and accurate classification of MR brain images is extremely important for medical analysis and interpretation. Over the last decade numerous methods have already been proposed. In this paper, we presented a novel method to classify a given MR brain image as normal or abnormal. The proposed method first employed wavelet transform to extract features from images, followed by applying principle component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensions of features. The reduced features were submitted to a kernel support vector machine (KSVM). The strategy of Kfold stratified cross validation was used to enhance generalization of KSVM. We chose seven common brain diseases (glioma, meningioma, Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease plus visual agnosia, Pick’s disease, sarcoma, and Huntington’s disease) as abnormal brains, and collected 160 MR brain images (20 normal and 140 abnormal) from Harvard Medical School website. We performed our proposed methods with four different kernels, and found that the GRB kernel achieves the highest classification accuracy as 99.38%. The LIN, HPOL, and IPOL kernel achieves 95%, 96.88%, and 98.12%, respectively. We also compared our method to those from literatures in the last decade, and the results showed our DWT+PCA+KSVM with GRB kernel still achieved the best accurate classification results. The averaged processing time for a 256× 256 size image on a laptop of P4 IBM with 3GHz processor and 2 GB RAM is 0.0448 s. From the experimental data, our method was effective and rapid. It could be applied to the field of MR brain image classification and can assist the doctors to diagnose where a patient is normal or abnormal to certain degrees. Received 14 June 2012, Accepted 23 July 2012, Scheduled 19 August 2012 * Corresponding author: Yudong Zhang (zhangyudongnuaa@gmail.com).

https://www.jpier.org/download/12061410.pdf

An Mr Brain Images Classifier via Principal Component Analysis and Kernel Support Vector Machine

Automated and accurate classiflcation of MR brain images is extremely important for medical analysis and interpretation. Over the last decade numerous methods have already been proposed. In this paper, we presented a novel method to classify a given MR brain image as normal or abnormal. The proposed method flrst employed wavelet transform to extract features from images, followed by applying principle component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensions of features. The reduced features were submitted to a kernel support vector machine (KSVM). The strategy of K- fold stratifled cross validation was used to enhance generalization of KSVM. We chose seven common brain diseases (glioma, meningioma, Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer's disease plus visual agnosia, Pick's disease, sarcoma, and Huntington's disease) as abnormal brains, and collected 160 MR brain images (20 normal and 140 abnormal) from Harvard Medical School website. We performed our proposed methods with four difierent kernels, and found that the GRB kernel achieves the highest classiflcation accuracy as 99.38%. The LIN, HPOL, and IPOL kernel achieves 95%, 96.88%, and 98.12%, respectively. We also compared our method to those from literatures in the last decade, and the results showed our DWT+PCA+KSVM with GRB kernel still achieved the best accurate classiflcation results. The averaged processing time for a 256£256 size image on a laptop of P4 IBM with 3GHz processor and 2GB RAM is 0.0448s. From the experimental data, our method was efiective and rapid. It could be applied to the fleld of MR brain image classiflcation and can assist the doctors to diagnose where a patient is normal or abnormal to certain degrees.

https://www.jpier.org/pier/pier130/18.12061410.pdf

An mr brain images classifier via principal component analysis and kernel support

This review aims to cover experimental data on oxidative effects of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation (RFR) in living cells. Analysis of the currently available peer-reviewed scientific litera...

/pdf/oxidative-mechanisms-of-biological-activity-of-low-intensity-3r35f73k7q.pdf

Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation

Here, we report our new observations on graphitic-phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) quantum dots (QDs) as agents for microwave induced photodynamic therapy (MIPDT) For the first time, we observed that singlet oxygen is produced in g-C3N4 QDs by microwave irradiation, which can be used for tumor destruction The results of live/dead staining and flow cytometry show that g-C3N4 QDs based MIPDT can effectively kill cancer cells and promote tumor cell death In addition, the cell viability and hemolysis tests in vitro indicate that g-C3N4 QDs have very low cell toxicity and possess excellent biocompatibility in the physiological environments All these indicate that g-C3N4 QDs are promising for MIPDT, a new potential modality for cancer treatment

Exploration of Graphitic-C3N4 Quantum Dots for Microwave-Induced Photodynamic Therapy

With the rapid development of electronic technologies, anxiety regarding the potential health hazards induced by microwave radiation (MW) has been growing in recent years. The brain is one of the most sensitive target organs for microwave radiation, where mitochondrial injury occurs earlier and more severely than in other organs. Energy metabolism disorders do play an important role during the process of microwave radiation-induced brain damage. In this paper, we will review the biological effects of microwave radiation, the features of brain energy supply and consumption and the effects of microwave radiation on mitochondrial energy metabolism and potential related mechanisms.

/pdf/effects-of-microwave-radiation-on-brain-energy-metabolism-1inv673fpy.pdf

Effects of microwave radiation on brain energy metabolism and related mechanisms

The present experiment was designed to study the 2.45 GHz low-level microwave (MW) irradiation-induced stress response and its effect on implantation or pregnancy in female mice. Twelve-week-old mice were exposed to MW radiation (continuous wave for 2 h/day for 45 days, frequency 2.45 GHz, power density=0.033549 mW/cm(2), and specific absorption rate=0.023023 W/kg). At the end of a total of 45 days of exposure, mice were sacrificed, implantation sites were monitored, blood was processed to study stress parameters (hemoglobin, RBC and WBC count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio), the brain was processed for comet assay, and plasma was used for nitric oxide (NO), progesterone and estradiol estimation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes- superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase-were determined in the liver, kidney and ovary. We observed that implantation sites were affected significantly in MW-irradiated mice as compared to control. Further, in addition to a significant increase in ROS, hemoglobin (p<0.001), RBC and WBC counts (p<0.001), N/L ratio (p<0.01), DNA damage (p<0.001) in brain cells, and plasma estradiol concentration (p<0.05), a significant decrease was observed in NO level (p<0.05) and antioxidant enzyme activities of MW-exposed mice. Our findings led us to conclude that a low level of MW irradiation-induced oxidative stress not only suppresses implantation, but it may also lead to deformity of the embryo in case pregnancy continues. We also suggest that MW radiation-induced oxidative stress by increasing ROS production in the body may lead to DNA strand breakage in the brain cells and implantation failure/resorption or abnormal pregnancy in mice.

/pdf/2-45-ghz-microwave-irradiation-induced-oxidative-stress-gv4lds0daq.pdf

2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress Affects Implantation or Pregnancy in Mice, Mus musculus

Present study examines biological efiects of 2.45GHz microwave radiation in Parkes strain mice. Forty-day-old mice were exposed to CW (continuous wave) microwave radiation (2h/day for 30 days). Locomotor activity was recorded on running wheel for 12 days prior to microwave exposure (pre-exposure), 7 days during the flrst week of exposure (short-term exposure) and another 7-day spell during the last week of the 30-day exposure period (long-term exposure). Morris water maze test was performed from 17th to 22nd day of exposure. At the termination of the exposure, blood was processed for hematological parameters, brain for comet assay, epididymis for sperm count and motility and serum for SGOT (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase) and SGPT (serum glutamate

/pdf/2-45-ghz-cw-microwave-irradiation-alters-circadian-6iejv5hr7r.pdf

2.45 GHz (CW) MICROWAVE IRRADIATION ALTERS CIRCADIAN ORGANIZATION, SPATIAL MEMORY, DNA STRUCTURE IN THE BRAIN CELLS AND BLOOD CELL COUNTS OF MALE MICE, MUS MUSCULUS

To study the effect of microwave radiation on the early stages of pregnancy (implantation) and DNA damage in brain cells, female mice were exposed to 245 GHz electromagnetic field (EMF) for 2 hours/ day at power density of 01250 mW/cm2 for the period of 30 days (pre-mating period, 22 days; mating period, 5 days; post mating period, 3 days)

2.45 GHz low level CW microwave radiation affects embryo implantation sites and single strand DNA damage in brain cells of mice, mus musculus

The present study was designed to monitor the correlation of gonadal steroidogenic activity and nitric oxide (NO) of plasma and testis of male laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, under (1) control/basal and (2) experimental conditions. In the first study, male mice (n = 6) of three age groups (3-week-old sexually immature, 9-week-old sexually mature and 1.5-year-old) were assayed for plasma testosterone and level of NO in the plasma and testis. The immunoreactivity of 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-β-HSD) and androgen receptors (ARs) was also detected in testis and epididymis, respectively. In the second study, the reproductive state of mice was altered by injecting precursors of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and dopamine L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) daily for 13 days. In one subgroup, mice received their daily injections 8 h apart and in another subgroup 12 h apart. A third subgroup of control mice received two daily injections of normal saline. After the completion of the experiment, the mentioned parameters were measured. The results showed a significant increase in levels of NO and a lowering of the immune reactivity of 3-β-HSD and AR, in both leydig cells and the epididymis in the sexually immature, old-age mice as well as in the mice that received 5-HTP and L-DOPA in the 8-h temporal relation, whereas opposite effects were observed in the sexually mature mice as well as in the mice that received 5-HTP and L-DOPA in the 12-h temporal relation. These findings led us to conclude that an inverse correlation exists between testicular steroidogenic activity and NO activity of laboratory mice under control and experimentally modulated gonadal conditions.

Interrelationship between NO and androgenic activity in mice, Mus musculus, following temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic neural oscillations.

Vineet Prakash Singh

Papers

2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress Affects Implantation or Pregnancy in Mice, Mus musculus

2.45 GHz (CW) MICROWAVE IRRADIATION ALTERS CIRCADIAN ORGANIZATION, SPATIAL MEMORY, DNA STRUCTURE IN THE BRAIN CELLS AND BLOOD CELL COUNTS OF MALE MICE, MUS MUSCULUS

2.45 GHz low level CW microwave radiation affects embryo implantation sites and single strand DNA damage in brain cells of mice, mus musculus

Interrelationship between NO and androgenic activity in mice, Mus musculus, following temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic neural oscillations.