抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery

DLS and zeta potential - What they are and what they are not?

https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/38544/10/1-s2.0-S0014305714004091-main%20%281%29.pdf

Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of patents and commercial products

Hydrogel Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery

Why is Chitosan Mucoadhesive

https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/15972/Microencapsulation_of_Probiotics_For_Gastrointestinal_Delivery_.pdf?sequence=2

Microencapsulation of probiotics for gastrointestinal delivery.

Mucoadhesion is the ability of materials to adhere to mucosal membranes in the human body and provide a temporary retention. This property has been widely used to develop polymeric dosage forms for buccal, oral, nasal, ocular and vaginal drug delivery. Excellent mucoadhesive properties are typical for hydrophilic polymers possessing charged groups and/or non-ionic functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds with mucosal surfaces. This feature article considers recent advances in the study of mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers. It provides an overview on the structure of mucosal membranes, properties of mucus gels and the nature of mucoadhesion. It describes the most common methods to evaluate mucoadhesive properties of various dosage forms and discusses the main classes of mucoadhesives.

Advances in Mucoadhesion and Mucoadhesive Polymers

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are desirable as they can increase the residence time of drugs at the site of absorption/action, provide sustained drug release and minimize the degradation of drugs in various body sites. Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide that exhibits mucoadhesive properties and it has been widely used in the design of mucoadhesive dosage forms. However, its limited mucoadhesive strength and limited water-solubility at neutral and basic pHs are considered as two major drawbacks of its use. Chemical modification of chitosan has been exploited to tackle these two issues. In this review, we highlight the up-to-date studies involving the synthetic approaches and description of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and chitosan derivatives. These derivatives include trimethyl chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, thiolated chitosan, chitosan-enzyme inhibitors, chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (chitosan-EDTA), half-acetylated chitosan, acrylated chitosan, glycol chitosan, chitosan-catechol, methyl pyrrolidinone-chitosan, cyclodextrin-chitosan and oleoyl-quaternised chitosan. We have particularly focused on the effect of chemical derivatization on the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan. Additionally, other important properties including water-solubility, stability, controlled release, permeation enhancing effect, and in vivo performance are also described.

Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy

Papers

Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of patents and commercial products

Why is Chitosan Mucoadhesive

Microencapsulation of probiotics for gastrointestinal delivery.

Advances in Mucoadhesion and Mucoadhesive Polymers

Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Application in Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems