There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

We propose a novel hollow core fiber design based on nested and non-touching antiresonant tube elements arranged around a central core. We demonstrate through numerical simulations that such a design can achieve considerably lower loss than other state-of-the-art hollow fibers. By adding additional pairs of coherently reflecting surfaces without introducing nodes, the Hollow Core Nested Antiresonant Nodeless Fiber (HC-NANF) can achieve values of confinement loss similar or lower than that of its already low surface scattering loss, while maintaining multiple and octave-wide antiresonant windows of operation. As a result, the HC-NANF can in principle reach a total value of loss – including leakage, surface scattering and bend contributions – that is lower than that of conventional solid fibers. Besides, through resonant out-coupling of high order modes they can be made to behave as effectively single mode fibers.

Nested antiresonant nodeless hollow core fiber

We report on an ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber with a core diameter of 60 μm and mode-field-area of ~2000 μm2 of the emitted fundamental mode. Together with the short absorption length of 0.5 m this fiber possesses a record low nonlinearity which makes this fiber predestinated for the amplification of short laser pulses to very high peak powers. In a first continuous-wave experiment a power of 320 W has been extracted corresponding to 550 W per meter. To our knowledge this represents the highest power per unit length ever reported for fiber lasers. Furthermore, the robust single-transverse-mode propagation in a passive 100 μm core fiber with a similar design reveals the potential of extended large-mode-area photonic crystal fibers.

Extended single-mode photonic crystal fiber lasers

This book, published in 2007, provides comprehensive coverage of the theory and practice of OPAs and related devices, including fiber optical parametric oscillators (OPOs). After introducing the field, the theory and techniques behind all types of fiber OPAs are covered starting from first principles - topics include the scalar and vector OPA theory; the nonlinear Schrodinger equation; OPO theory; and quantum noise figure of fiber OPAs. Challenges of making fiber OPAs practical for a number of applications are discussed, and a survey of the state-of-the-art in feasibility demonstrations and performance evaluations is provided. The capabilities and limitations of OPAs; the potential applications for OPAs and OPOs, and prospects for future developments in the field are discussed. Theoretical tools developed in this text can also be applied to other areas of nonlinear optics. This is a valuable resource for researchers, advanced practitioners, and graduate students in optoelectronics.

Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifiers, Oscillators and Related Devices: The nonlinear Schrödinger equation

The current state of the art in infrared Bi-doped fiber laser research is reviewed. The relevant fiber glass compositions and fiber technologies are introduced. Lasers operating on transitions ranging from 1.15 to 1.55 μm occurring in the bismuth active centers and their energy level schemes are discussed on the basis of the spectroscopic properties of these centers. Continuous-wave fundamental-mode power levels ranging from a few mW near 1.55 μm up to 16 W near 1.16 μm and 22 W near 1.46 μm have been demonstrated in recent years.

Bi-Doped Optical Fibers and Fiber Lasers

Optical fibers with bismuth-doped silicate and germanate glass cores were fabricated by the modified chemical vapor deposition technique (solution and vapor-phase Bi incorporation) The fibers revealed an efficient luminescence with a maximum in the 1050-1200 nm spectral range, FWHM up to 200nm, and a lifetime of the order of 1ms

Bismuth-doped-glass optical fibers—a new active medium for lasers and amplifiers

For the first time, 3-dimensional luminescence spectra (luminescence intensity as a function of the excitation and emission wavelengths) have been obtained for bismuth-doped optical fibers of various compositions in a wide spectral range (450-1700 nm). The bismuth-doped fibers investigated have the following core compositions: SiO2, GeO2, Al-doped SiO2, and P-doped SiO2. The measurements are performed at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Based on the experimental results, the positions of the low-lying energy-levels of the IR bismuth active centers in SiO2- and GeO2-core fibers have been determined. Similarity of the energy-level schemes for the two core compositions has been revealed.

Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy of bismuth active centers in optical fibers

3D excitation-emission luminescence spectra of Bi-doped optical fibers of various compositions were measured in a wide wavelength range 450-1700 nm. Such luminescence spectra were obtained for Bi-doped pure silica and germania fibers, and for Bi-doped Al- or P-codoped silica fibers (at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures). The energy level schemes of IR bismuth active centers in pure silica and germania core fibers were derived from spectra obtained. The energy level schemes similarity of bismuth active centers in these two types of fibers was revealed.

IR Bismuth active centers in optical fibers: Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy

We describe the design and characterization of solid core large mode area bandgap fibers exhibiting low propagation loss and low bend loss. The fibers have been prepared by modified chemical vapor deposition process. The bandgap guidance obtained thanks to a 3-bilayer periodic cladding is assisted by a very slight index step (5.10-4) in the solid core. The propagation loss reaches a few dB/km and is found to be close to material loss.

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Vladimir F. Khopin

Papers

Bi-Doped Optical Fibers and Fiber Lasers

Bismuth-doped-glass optical fibers—a new active medium for lasers and amplifiers

Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy of bismuth active centers in optical fibers

IR Bismuth active centers in optical fibers: Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy

Low-loss singlemode large mode area all-silica photonic bandgap fiber.