W.J. Fleming

Bio: W.J. Fleming is an academic researcher from TRW Automotive. The author has contributed to research in topics: Mass flow sensor & Automotive electronics. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 212 citations.

New Automotive Sensors—A Review

Abstract: This paper focuses on the primary automotive sensor technologies used today and their related system applications. This paper describes new automotive sensors that measure position, pressure, torque, exhaust temperature, angular rate, engine oil quality, flexible fuel composition, long-range distance, short-range distance, and ambient gas concentrations. In addition, new features are described for sensors that measure linear acceleration, exhaust oxygen, comfort/convenience factors, and night vision. New automotive system applications are described for sensors that measure speed/timing, mass air flow, and occupant safety/security.

Review of substrate-integrated waveguide circuits and antennas

Abstract: Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology represents an emerging and very promising candidate for the development of circuits and components operating in the microwave and millimetre-wave region. SIW structures are generally fabricated by using two rows of conducting cylinders or slots embedded in a dielectric substrate that connects two parallel metal plates, and permit the implementation of classical rectangular waveguide components in planar form, along with printed circuitry, active devices and antennas. This study aims to provide an overview of the recent advances in the modelling, design and technological implementation of SIW structures and components.

Sensor Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems.

Abstract: Modern society faces serious problems with transportation systems, including but not limited to traffic congestion, safety, and pollution. Information communication technologies have gained increasing attention and importance in modern transportation systems. Automotive manufacturers are developing in-vehicle sensors and their applications in different areas including safety, traffic management, and infotainment. Government institutions are implementing roadside infrastructures such as cameras and sensors to collect data about environmental and traffic conditions. By seamlessly integrating vehicles and sensing devices, their sensing and communication capabilities can be leveraged to achieve smart and intelligent transportation systems. We discuss how sensor technology can be integrated with the transportation infrastructure to achieve a sustainable Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and how safety, traffic control and infotainment applications can benefit from multiple sensors deployed in different elements of an ITS. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges that need to be addressed to enable a fully operational and cooperative ITS environment.

Materials and transducers toward selective wireless gas sensing.

Abstract: Wireless sensors are devices in which sensing electronic transducers are spatially and galvanically separated from their associated readout/display components. The main benefits of wireless sensors, as compared to traditional tethered sensors, include the non-obtrusive nature of their installations, higher nodal densities, and lower installation costs without the need for extensive wiring.1–3 These attractive features of wireless sensors facilitate their development toward measurements of a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological parameters of interest. Examples of available wireless sensors include devices for sensing of pH, pressure, and temperature in medical, pharmaceutical, animal health, livestock condition, automotive, and other applications.4–7 Some implementations of wireless gas sensors can be already found in monitoring of analyte gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, combustibles) in relatively interference-free industrial and indoor environments.8,9 However, unobtrusive wireless gas sensors are urgently needed for many more diverse applications ranging from wearable sensors at the workplace, urban environment, and battlefield, to monitoring of containers with toxic industrial chemicals while in transit, to medical monitoring of hospitalized and in-house patients, to detection of food freshness in individual packages, and to distributed networked sensors over large areas (also known as wireless sensor networks, WSNs). Unfortunately, in these and numerous other practical applications, the available wireless gas sensors fall short of meeting emerging measurement needs in complex environments. In particular, existing wireless gas sensors cannot perform highly selective gas detection in the presence of high levels of interferences and cannot quantitate several components in gas mixtures. 1.1. Diversity Of Monitoring Needs Of Volatiles The monitoring of numerous gases of environmental, industrial, and homeland security concern is needed over the broad range of their regulated exposure concentrations. Figure 1 illustrates the relationships between several regulated exposure levels spanning several orders of magnitude of gas concentrations. Typical examples of concentrations of regulated exposure are presented in Table 110–14 for three groups of toxic volatiles such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic industrial chemicals (TICs), and chemical warfare agents (CWAs). These examples demonstrate the need for gas sensing capabilities with broad measurement dynamic ranges to cover 2 – 4 orders of magnitude in gas concentrations. Figure 1 Examples of regulated vapor-exposure limits established by different organizations: GPL: General Population Limit, established by USACHPPM – U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine; PEL: Permissible Exposure Limit, established ... Table 1 Examples of regulated concentration levels (in ppm by volume) from three representative classes of toxic gases: VOCs, TICs, and CWAs.10–14 Additional needs for detection of volatiles originate from medical diagnostics, food safety, process monitoring, and other areas.15–17 In those applications, the types and levels of detected volatiles can provide the needed information for further control actions.

Non-invasive spoofing attacks for anti-lock braking systems

Abstract: This work exposes a largely unexplored vector of physical-layer attacks with demonstrated consequences in automobiles. By modifying the physical environment around analog sensors such as Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), we exploit weaknesses in wheel speed sensors so that a malicious attacker can inject arbitrary measurements to the ABS computer which in turn can cause life-threatening situations. In this paper, we describe the development of a prototype ABS spoofer to enable such attacks and the potential consequences of remaining vulnerable to these attacks. The class of sensors sensitive to these attacks depends on the physics of the sensors themselves. ABS relies on magnetic---based wheel speed sensors which are exposed to an external attacker from underneath the body of a vehicle. By placing a thin electromagnetic actuator near the ABS wheel speed sensors, we demonstrate one way in which an attacker can inject magnetic fields to both cancel the true measured signal and inject a malicious signal, thus spoofing the measured wheel speeds. The mounted attack is of a non-invasive nature, requiring no tampering with ABS hardware and making it harder for failure and/or intrusion detection mechanisms to detect the existence of such an attack. This development explores two types of attacks: a disruptive, naive attack aimed to corrupt the measured wheel speed by overwhelming the original signal and a more advanced spoofing attack, designed to inject a counter-signal such that the braking system mistakenly reports a specific velocity. We evaluate the proposed ABS spoofer module using industrial ABS sensors and wheel speed decoders, concluding by outlining the implementation and lifetime considerations of an ABS spoofer with real hardware.

Multi-Directional Wallet Connector Apparatuses, Methods and Systems

Abstract: The MULTI-DIRECTIONAL WALLET CONNECTOR APPARATUSES, METHODS AND SYSTEMS (“W-CONNECTOR”) facilitates the enrollment of payment accounts in a consumer's virtual wallet. The consumer may be logged into their payment account issuer's web site and designate one or more payment accounts for enrollment in a virtual wallet. The issuer may then share account, billing and/or other relevant information with the virtual wallet provider to facilitate the enrollment of the designated payment accounts in the virtual wallet. The W-CONNECTOR may also be configured to facilitate the creation and funding of pre-paid accounts in a consumer's virtual wallet.