Warwick Williams

Bio: Warwick Williams is an academic researcher from Macquarie University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Hearing loss & Noise. The author has an hindex of 17, co-authored 63 publications receiving 9190 citations. Previous affiliations of Warwick Williams include Cooperative Research Centre.

Noise exposure levels from personal stereo use.

Abstract: Hearing healthcare professionals often express concern about the possible increased risk of noise injury, and potential for subsequent hearing loss that may result from the rise in the use of personal stereo players (PSP) in the community. Measurements were made of a sample of 55 individuals who were using a PSP as part of their daily activity, for example commuting to work, in what could be considered noisy backgrounds. Thus measurements could be considered to exemplify the worst-case conditions. The average, A-weighted, eight-hour equivalent, continuous noise exposure level was determined to be 79.8 dB, with a statistically significant difference between males and females, of 80.6 dB and 75.3 dB respectively. There was no correlation between self-reported hearing loss and/or the incidence of tinnitus. The noise exposure results obtained did not indicate that there was a significant increase in the risk to potential noise injury from PSP use alone.

Epidemiology of noise-induced hearing loss in New Zealand.

Abstract: Introduction Hearing loss is a major cause of disability in the world. Occupational noise exposure is likely to contribute to a very high proportion of the cases of hearing loss in adults. Concern has been raised by the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) in New Zealand about the fact that the number of new cases of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is not declining, despite the health and safety legislation and establishment of hearing conservation programmes in industry. To inform strategies for prevention, a review of the burden of NIHL in New Zealand was undertaken, particularly focusing on the trends in compensation claims and costs, and the associated sociodemographic patterns. Methods A review of the peer-reviewed published literature was conducted to identify national and international estimates of NIHL prevalence. The ACC claims dataset (July 1995 to June 2006) was analysed to describe annual trends in new NIHL claims, cost to ACC, and claimants’ age, gender and occupational group. Results There is currently no reliable information regarding the overall incidence and prevalence of NIHL in New Zealand. ACC data reveals a substantial increase in the number of new NIHL claims annually, rising from 2823 in July 1995–June 1996, to 5580 in July 2005–June 2006. Together with ongoing claims the overall costs of NIHL claims increased by an average of 20% each year (a six-fold increase over the decade) resulting in a total cost to ACC of $193.82M over the review period. Collectively, agriculture and fisheries workers, trades workers, machine operators, and assemblers accounted for 53% of new claims. Most claims were lodged in middle age or later, with the vast majority of claimants (95%) being men. The relationship of age with the probability of making a claim changed significantly over the study period with rates in older age groups increasing faster than in younger. Conclusions The substantial and increasing societal costs despite decades of NIHL control legislation suggests that current strategies addressing this problem are not effective, inadequately implemented, or both. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a form of hearing loss caused by sustained and repeated exposure to excessive sound levels. While commonly attributed to prolonged employment in high-noise industries, any form of sound exposure can lead to NIHL provided there is sufficient intensity and exposure time. 1 The hearing loss occurs because of damage to the hearing organ (cochlea) of the inner ear. 2,3 Exposure to sound above a level of approximately 85dBA initially manifests as a temporary hearing loss or ‘dullness’ of hearing ( a temporary threshold shift ) which recovers within 16–24 hours of the exposure. However, with repeated or sustained

The leisure-noise dilemma: hearing loss or hearsay? What does the literature tell us?

Abstract: The authors undertook a review of the literature, focussing on publications describing the following: (1) Pure tone threshold data for adolescents/young adults; (2) Measurements/estimates of noise exposure from leisure activities; and (3) The relationship between hearing threshold levels (HTLs) and leisure-noise exposure. There is a large volume of published materials relevant to these topics, and opinion among authors regarding the relationship between leisure-noise exposure and HTLs varies significantly. At one extreme is the view that the effects of leisure-noise are minimal. The opposing belief is that as a direct result of leisure-noise exposure, significant HTL shifts and possibly significant hearing disability are occurring in a large (and increasing) proportion of young people. It has been claimed that behaviors relating to leisure-noise are "as threatening to young people's health as more traditional risk behaviors" (, p. 55). This view has been reiterated by the popular media. This review revealed that while sufficient data confirm that some leisure pursuits provide potentially hazardous noise levels, the nature of the exposure-injury relationship for leisure-noise is yet to be determined. Specific information about the quality-of-life effects of threshold shift related to leisure-noise exposure is also lacking. The scope and limitations of a large sample of relevant publications and an overview of the methodological issues in this area of research are briefly presented. Considerations for future research are raised.

Clubbing: The cumulative effect of noise exposure from attendance at dance clubs and night clubs on whole-of-life noise exposure

Abstract: Anecdotally it has been suggested that exposure to some noise sources through leisure activities could have a significant effect on whole-of-life noise exposure. While exposure levels do vary, a typical night club or dance club attendee was found to experience an equivalent continuous A-weighted noise level of around 98 dB for up to 5 hours with an exposure of 12.2 Pa 2 h. This can extend up to 104 Pa 2 h in extreme cases. A study of clubbers reveals regular clubbing to be a source of high noise exposure, with a sustained period of regular club attendance contributing to a significant portion of whole-of-life noise exposure.

Using Multivariate Statistics

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European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)

Abstract: ABI : ankle–brachial index ACCORD : Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ADVANCE : Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation AGREE : Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation AHA : American Heart Association apoA1 : apolipoprotein A1 apoB : apolipoprotein B CABG : coronary artery bypass graft surgery CARDS : Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study CCNAP : Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions CHARISMA : Clopidogrel for High Athero-thrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilisation, Management, and Avoidance CHD : coronary heart disease CKD : chronic kidney disease COMMIT : Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial CRP : C-reactive protein CURE : Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events CVD : cardiovascular disease DALYs : disability-adjusted life years DBP : diastolic blood pressure DCCT : Diabetes Control and Complications Trial ED : erectile dysfunction eGFR : estimated glomerular filtration rate EHN : European Heart Network EPIC : European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition EUROASPIRE : European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events GFR : glomerular filtration rate GOSPEL : Global Secondary Prevention Strategies to Limit Event Recurrence After MI GRADE : Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation HbA1c : glycated haemoglobin HDL : high-density lipoprotein HF-ACTION : Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing HOT : Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study HPS : Heart Protection Study HR : hazard ratio hsCRP : high-sensitivity C-reactive protein HYVET : Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial ICD : International Classification of Diseases IMT : intima-media thickness INVEST : International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril JTF : Joint Task Force LDL : low-density lipoprotein Lp(a) : lipoprotein(a) LpPLA2 : lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2 LVH : left ventricular hypertrophy MATCH : Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Recent Transient Ischaemic Attack or Ischaemic Stroke MDRD : Modification of Diet in Renal Disease MET : metabolic equivalent MONICA : Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease NICE : National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence NRT : nicotine replacement therapy NSTEMI : non-ST elevation myocardial infarction ONTARGET : Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial OSA : obstructive sleep apnoea PAD : peripheral artery disease PCI : percutaneous coronary intervention PROactive : Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events PWV : pulse wave velocity QOF : Quality and Outcomes Framework RCT : randomized clinical trial RR : relative risk SBP : systolic blood pressure SCORE : Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project SEARCH : Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and SHEP : Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program STEMI : ST-elevation myocardial infarction SU.FOL.OM3 : SUpplementation with FOlate, vitamin B6 and B12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids Syst-Eur : Systolic Hypertension in Europe TNT : Treating to New Targets UKPDS : United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study VADT : Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial VALUE : Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use VITATOPS : VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke VLDL : very low-density lipoprotein WHO : World Health Organization ### 1.1 Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic disorder developing insidiously throughout life and usually progressing to an advanced stage by the time symptoms occur. It remains the major cause of premature death in Europe, even though CVD mortality has …

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Abstract: WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, SCM, FAHA Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD Mary Cushman, MD, MSc, FAHA Sandeep R. Das, MD, MPH, FAHA Rajat Deo, MD, MTR Sarah D. de Ferranti, MD, MPH James Floyd, MD, MS Myriam Fornage, PhD, FAHA Cathleen Gillespie, MS Carmen R. Isasi, MD, PhD, FAHA Monik C. Jiménez, ScD, SM Lori Chaffin Jordan, MD, PhD Suzanne E. Judd, PhD Daniel Lackland, DrPH, FAHA Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH, FAHA Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, MPH, FAHA Simin Liu, MD, ScD, FAHA Chris T. Longenecker, MD Rachel H. Mackey, PhD, MPH, FAHA Kunihiro Matsushita, MD, PhD, FAHA Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH, FAHA Michael E. Mussolino, PhD, FAHA Khurram Nasir, MD, MPH, FAHA Robert W. Neumar, MD, PhD, FAHA Latha Palaniappan, MD, MS, FAHA Dilip K. Pandey, MBBS, MS, PhD, FAHA Ravi R. Thiagarajan, MD, MPH Mathew J. Reeves, PhD Matthew Ritchey, PT, DPT, OCS, MPH Carlos J. Rodriguez, MD, MPH, FAHA Gregory A. Roth, MD, MPH Wayne D. Rosamond, PhD, FAHA Comilla Sasson, MD, PhD, FAHA Amytis Towfighi, MD Connie W. Tsao, MD, MPH Melanie B. Turner, MPH Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA Jenifer H. Voeks, PhD Joshua Z. Willey, MD, MS John T. Wilkins, MD Jason HY. Wu, MSc, PhD, FAHA Heather M. Alger, PhD Sally S. Wong, PhD, RD, CDN, FAHA Paul Muntner, PhD, MHSc On behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update