Wei Yuan

Bio: Wei Yuan is an academic researcher from Chinese Academy of Sciences. The author has contributed to research in topics: Gallium & Matrix (chemical analysis). The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 4 publications receiving 63 citations.

Diel variation in mercury stable isotope ratios records photoreduction of PM 2.5 -bound mercury

Abstract: . Mercury (Hg) bound to fine aerosols (PM 2.5 -Hg) may undergo photochemical reaction that causes isotopic fractionation and obscures the initial isotopic signatures. In this study, we quantified Hg isotopic compositions for 56 PM 2.5 samples collected between 15 September and 16 October 2015 from Beijing, China, among which 26 were collected during daytime (between 08:00 and 18:30 LT) and 30 during night (between 19:00 and 07:30 LT). The results show that diel variation was statistically significant ( p ) for Hg content, Δ199Hg and Δ200Hg , with Hg content during daytime ( 0.32±0.14 µ g g −1 ) lower than at night ( 0.48±0.24 µ g g −1) and Δ199Hg and Δ200Hg values during daytime (mean of 0.26 ‰±0.40 ‰ and 0.09 ‰±0.06 ‰ , respectively) higher than during nighttime ( 0.04 ‰±0.22 ‰ and 0.06 ‰±0.05 ‰ , respectively), whereas PM 2.5 concentrations and δ202Hg values showed insignificant ( p > 0.05 ) diel variation. Geochemical characteristics of the samples and the air mass backward trajectories (PM 2.5 source related) suggest that diel variation in Δ199Hg values resulted primarily from the photochemical reduction of divalent PM 2.5 -Hg, rather than variations in emission sources. The importance of photoreduction is supported by the strong correlations between Δ199Hg and (i) Δ201Hg (positive, slope = 1.1), (ii) δ202Hg (positive, slope = 1.15), (iii) content of Hg in PM 2.5 (negative), (iv) sunshine durations (positive) and (v) ozone concentration (positive) observed for consecutive day–night paired samples. Our results provide isotopic evidence that local, daily photochemical reduction of divalent Hg is of critical importance to the fate of PM 2.5 -Hg in urban atmospheres and that, in addition to variation in sources, photochemical reduction appears to be an important process that affects both the particle mass-specific abundance and isotopic composition of PM 2.5 -Hg.

Precise Analysis of Gallium Isotopic Composition by MC-ICP-MS

Abstract: Though an isotope approach could be beneficial for better understanding the biogeochemical cycle of gallium (Ga), an analogue of the monoisotopic element aluminum (Al), the geochemistry of Ga isotopes has not been widely elaborated. We developed a two-step method for purifying Ga from geological (biological) samples for precise measurement of Ga isotope ratio using multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Ga was thoroughly separated from other matrix elements using two chromatographic columns loaded with AG 1-X4 and Ln-spec resin, respectively. The separation method was carefully calibrated using both synthetic and natural samples and validated by assessing the extraction yield (99.8 ± 0.8%, 2SD, n = 23) and the reproducibility (2SD uncertainty better than 0.05‰, n = 116) of the measured isotopic ratio (expressed as δ71Ga). The validation of the whole protocol, together with instrumental analysis, was confirmed by the investigation of the matrix effect, the result of a stan...

Distribution and partitioning of heavy metals in large anthropogenically impacted river, the Pearl River, China

Abstract: In order to evaluate the distribution and partitioning characteristics of heavy metals in the large anthropogenically impacted Pearl River Basin, the contents of “anthropophile” elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, which are clearly influenced by human activities) were determined, and their partitioning coefficients (Kd) between water and sediments and enrichment factors (EF) were calculated for samples collected at different locations along the Pearl River main stream. The modified BCR sequential extraction procedure (proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference in 1993), which involves the successive extraction of metals in a decreasing order of reactivity, was applied. Sediment samples from the upper, middle, and lower reaches were included in this study. The results showed that the content of most metals in water and sediment samples gradually increases from upstream to downstream, suggesting a possible input from human activities as shown by their increasing high EF, ranged from 1.4 to 3.9 for Cu, from 1.4 to 6.7 for Zn, from 2.5 to 59.1 for Cd, and from 1.7 to 8.9 for Pb, respectively. The higher partition coefficients (Kd) for Cr, Zn, and Pb (105–106) indicated that they were mainly transported in solid phase, while parts of Ni, Cu, and Cd were transported in dissolved phase as they display relatively lower Kd in the range of 104–105. According to the results of the BCR leaching, the percentage of non-residual fraction of heavy metals in the sediments showed a decreasing order of Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr, implying that Cd and Pb were more active and bioavailable compared to the other four metals, and thus would be potentially more harmful to the watershed ecosystem.

Contrasting lithium and magnesium isotope fractionation during continental weathering

Abstract: Magnesium isotopic compositions of a profile through saprolites developed on a diabase dike from South Carolina have been measured in order to study the behavior of Mg isotopes during continental weathering. As weathering progresses, Mg isotopes are greatly fractionated and are correlated with Mg concentration, clay mineral proportions and density of the saprolites. δ 26 Mg values increase from −0.22 in the unweathered diabase to + 0.65 in the most weathered saprolite. These observations are consistent with the release of light Mg to the hydrosphere and formation of isotopically heavy Mg in the weathered products. The loss of Mg during weathering can be modeled by Rayleigh distillation with an apparent fractionation factor between the saprolite and fluid (α) of 1.00005 to 1.0004, i.e., up to 0.4‰ fractionation in the 26 Mg/ 24 Mg ratio between the saprolite and fluid. The large variation in α value reflects a mineralogical control on Mg isotope fractionation during primary dissolution of Mg-rich minerals and formation of secondary minerals during continental weathering. Like Mg isotopes, Li isotopes in the saprolite profile are also greatly fractionated, with δ 7 Li values ranging from −6.7 down to −20. The large Li isotope fractionation and variation in Li concentration, as well as irregularities in the δ 7 Li profile with depth, however, cannot be explained by Li loss during weathering alone. Instead, Li can be modeled by a two-step process: (1) equilibrium isotope fractionation during continental weathering, which lowered δ 7 Li and Li concentrations and produced a Li concentration gradient in the saprolites like that seen in Mg, and (2) subsequent kinetic isotope fractionation produced by diffusion of Li in the saprolites, possibly across a paleo-water table. The results presented here suggest that continental weathering will shift the Mg isotopic composition of the continental crust to values higher than the mantle value, whereas crustal recycling over the history of the Earth will have no discernible effect on the Mg isotopic composition of the mantle.

Calcium isotopes in a proglacial weathering environment: Damma glacier, Switzerland

Abstract: The biogeochemical cycling and isotopic fractionation of calcium during the initial stages of weathering were investigated in an alpine soil chronosequence (Damma glacier, Switzerland). This site has a homogeneous silicate lithology and minimal biological impacts due to sparse vegetation cover. Calcium isotopic compositions, obtained by TIMS using a 43Ca–46Ca double spike, were measured in the main Ca pools. During this very early stage of weathering, the young soils which have formed (δ44/42Ca=+0.44‰)(δ44/42Ca=+0.44‰) were indistinguishable to the rocks from which they were derived (δ44/42Ca=+0.44‰)(δ44/42Ca=+0.44‰) and stream water (δ44/42Ca=+0.48‰)(δ44/42Ca=+0.48‰) was also within error of the average rock. This lack of variation indicates that the dissolution of the bulk silicate rock does not strongly fractionate Ca isotopes. The only Ca pool which was strongly fractionated from bulk rock was vegetation, which exhibited an enrichment of light Ca isotopes. Significant Ca isotope fractionation between bulk rock and the dissolved flux of Ca is likely to only occur where the Ca biogeochemical cycle is dominated by secondary processes such as biological cycling, adsorption and secondary mineral precipitation.

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in atomic spectrometry and related techniques

Abstract: This review covers developments in ‘Atomic Spectrometry’. It covers atomic emission, absorption, fluorescence and mass spectrometry, but excludes material on speciation and coupled techniques which is included in a separate review. It should be read in conjunction with the other related reviews in the series.1–6 A critical approach to the selection of material has been adopted, with only novel developments in instrumentation, techniques and methodology being included. Developments worthy of note include photochemical and electrochemical methods of vapour generation, single particle analysis using ICP-MS and the development of new methods for direct plasma generation in liquid samples. The use of MC-ICP-MS continues to grow in importance for isotope ratio measurements in fields as diverse as geochronology, nuclear forensics and biomedical research. Laser-based methods are also important in many fields, particularly for direct and stand-off analysis of solid samples.

Isotope Fractionation Processes of Selected Elements

Abstract: The foundations of stable isotope geochemistry were laid in 1947 by Urey’s classic paper on the thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances and by Nier’s development of the ratio mass spectrometer. Before discussing details of the naturally occurring variations in stable isotope ratios, it is useful to describe some generalities that are pertinent to the field of non-radiogenic isotope geochemistry as a whole.