SUMMARY 157INTRODUCTION 158AN.^LYTICAL METHODS 159LIGHT HARVESTING BY MICROALGAE 160RANGE OF PHOTON FLUX DENSITIES ALLOWING GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS INPHOTOTHOPHIC MICROALGAE (GENOTYPIC ADAPTATION) 163 Growth 163Photosynthesis 165Photoinhibition 165 PHENOTYPIC ADAPTATION 168 Changes in amounts of pigments 168Interpretation of the effects of pigment changes: models 169Observed changes in P vs I curves 170 ENERGETIC CONSIDERATIONS 174 General 174Reduction of capital costs 175Reduction of maintenance costs 175Energetic costs of changing the photosyothetic apparatus 177S2-S3 decay 177Proton leakage due to passive uniport 178 PHYLOGENETIC ASPECTS OF DIFFERENCES IN LIGHT RESPONSES OF MICROALGALPHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PHOTOLITHOTROPHIC GROWTH 178 Phylogenetic diflerences in photosynthetic structures 178Comparison of tbe photosynthetic characteristics of green algae and otherpbototrophs 180 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 182ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 185REFERENCES 185 SUMMARY Analysis of data in the literature relating to micrcalgal adaptations to different photon fluxdensities indicates that different algal classes have significantly different ligbt requirennents forgrowth and photosynthesis. Although there is some variability within each class, dinoflagellatesand blue-green algae generally photosynthesize and grow best at low photon flux densities.Diatoms also tend to be able to grow at very low photon flux densities (growth for some specieshas been reported at less than 1 fi.E m"' s~'). Comparison of the photon flux densities at whichphotoinhibition occurs in dinoflagellates and diatoms suggests that the former often experiencephotoinhibition at comparatively low irradiances. In contrast, diatoms often can toleraterelatively high light environments. This tolerance of a large absolute range of photon fluxdensities may, in part, explain why diatoms are often associated with spring blooms. Green algae* New address; Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083 Australia.0028-646X/83/020157 + 35 S03.00/0 © 1983 The New Phytologist

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb03422.x

Adaptation of unicellular algae to irradiance: an analysis of strategies

The dependence of phytoplankton photosynthesis on light intensity may be altered by the range and frequency of variations in light intensity recentlv experienced by the organisms. A major source of the fluctuations in light intensity experienced by phytoplankton in the upper ocean is vertical motion. We estimate time and space scales for \\Tertical displacements of phytoplankton caused by turbulent mixing, internal waves, Langmuir circulations, and double diffusive processes. In the surface layer, depending on windspeed, current shear and stratification, we find that time scales for cycling of phytoplankton by turbulent eddies and mixing vary from about 0.5 h to hundreds of hours for vertical displacements of the order of 10 m. In the seasonal thermocline, turbulent diffusive time scales for displacements as small as several meters are weeks to months, whereas similar displacements by internal waves occur over periods of several minutes to several hours, according to the strength of the density stratification, and are then dominant. Langmuir cells seem to scale as the large turbulent eddies and need not be treated separately, and double diffusive processes seem to be of minor importance. The formulation used here of a vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient K, as a function of observable quantities-e the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, and N the local buoyancy frequency-should also be us&d for estimating vertical fluxes of nutrients. In addition, this formulation is reversible in time and can be used to estimate the recent depth and light history of phytoplankton taken from the upper ocean. Traditionally the dependence of the photosynthetic production rate of phytoplankton on light intensity has been described by “P vs. I” curves relating the rate of photosynthetic production, P, to increasing light intensity, I, determined usually from experiments where portions of the same sample are incubated at several different constant light intensities for the same period. The uptake of labeled carbon over that period is measured and considered to be an index of the photosynthetic production (Peterson 1980). Division by the time interval gives the photosynthetic rate. A smooth curve fitted through the data resembles one of the family of curves shown in Fig. 1 (which, for illustration, has been generated from the model equation of Platt et al. 1980): P(I) = aem”‘( 1 eeVr). (1) Several problems exist: different curves are often found at different times of day (provided the incubation period is sufficiently brief, say 2-4 h), at different depths, during different seasons, and with different organisms (Harris 1973; MacCaull and Platt 1977; Platt et al. 1980). Furthermore, time-course measurements of varying photosynthetic production P(t)

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1983.28.5.0801

Time and space scales of vertical mixing and advection of phytoplankton in the upper ocean

This book introduces an important group of logics that have come to be known under the umbrella term 'susbstructural'. Substructural logics have independently led to significant developments in philosophy, computing and linguistics. An Introduction to Substrucural Logics is the first book to systematically survey the new results and the significant impact that this class of logics has had on a wide range of fields.The following topics are covered: * Proof Theory * Propositional Structures * Frames * Decidability * Coda Both students and professors of philosophy, computing, linguistics, and mathematics will find this to be an important addition to their reading.

/pdf/an-introduction-to-substructural-logics-46gq1uirpk.pdf

An Introduction to Substructural Logics

https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/13/m013p099.pdf

A Small Volume, Short-Incubation-Time Method for Measurement of Photosynthesis as a Function of Incident Irradiance

The day-to-day variations over a 70-day period in the parameters describing the lightsaturation curve of natural assemblages of coastal marine phytoplankton were examined and related to changing environmental conditions. The initial slope, ~8, and the light-saturated rate, P mB, both showed a threefold variation. Correlation and regression analysis attributed most of the variation in aS and P, B to factors relating to community structure. Changes in community structure resulting from the normal progression of spring-summer conditions were interrupted periodically by transient physical phenomena (passage of storms, periods of upwelling, etc.). The importance of physical transients to the short term dynamics of the phytoplankton production system places severe constraints on the development of predictive models of phytoplankton production.

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4319/lo.1983.28.2.0320

Day‐to‐day variations in the spring‐summer photosynthetic parameters of coastal marine phytoplankton

The diel variations in the assimilation number, PmB, of natural assemblages of coastal marine phytoplankton were examined and a working model proposed to characterize the apparent diel rhythm No rhythm could be distinguished for the initial slope of the light saturation curve, α, although α and PmB were highly correlated and the daily and hourly variations in α were as great as those in PmB Diel variations in the derived parameter Ik(≡PmB/α) were described by a model similar to that proposed for PmB The rhythm PmB was found to have a significant effect on the estimation of daily productivity Correlations with environmental covariates support the hypothesis that the photosynthetic rhythms observed in the field result both from intrinsic oscillations within the phytoplankton cells and from varying environmental factors

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0723

Diel variations in the photosynthetic parameters of coastal marine phytoplankton

This paper presents the DPFWorkbench, a diagrammatic tool for domain specific modelling. The tool is an implementation of the basic ideas from the Diagram Predicate Framework (DPF), which provides a graph based formalisation of (meta)modelling and model transformations. The DPFWorkbench consists of a specification editor and a signature editor and offers fully diagrammatic specification of domain-specific modelling languages. The specification editor supports development of metamodelling hierarchies with an arbitrary number of metalevels; that is, each model can be used as a metamodel for the level below. The workbench also facilitates the automatic generation of domain-specific specification editors out of these metamodels. Furthermore, the conformance relations between adjacent metalevels are dynamically checked by the use of typing morphisms and constraint validators. The signature editor is a new component that extends the DPF Workbench with functionality for dynamic definition of predicates. The syntax of the predicates are defined by a shape graph and a graphical icon, and their semantics are defined by validators. Those predicates are used to add constrains on the underlying graph. The features of the DPF Workbench are illustrated by a running example presenting a metamodelling hierarchy for workflow modelling in the health care domain.

DPF Workbench: A Diagrammatic Multi-Layer Domain Specific (Meta-)Modelling Environment

In this paper we propose a metamodelling approach to behavioural modelling. The approach combines diagrammatic modelling with formal foundations based on category theory and graph transformations. The static semantics of behavioural models is represented by instances of (meta)models, while their dynamic semantics is represented by transition systems. Transitions are described by coupled model transformations. To illustrate the approach, we present a running example of a workflow model for health services delivery.

A metamodelling approach to behavioural modelling

In recent years, Workflow Management Systems (WfMSs) have been studied and developed to provide automated support for defining and controlling various activities associated with business processes. The automated support reduces costs and overall execution time for business processes, by improving the robustness of the process and increasing productivity and quality of service. As business organizations continue to become more dependant on computarized systems, the demand for reliability has increased. The language t-calculus [8] was developed to aid in the creation and verification of compensable systems. Motivated by this we define Compensable WorkFlow nets (CWF-nets) and introduce a graphical modeling language Compensable Workflow Modeling Language (CWML). We present a case study, using CWML to model a real world scenario, translate the resulting CWF-net into DVE (the input language of the DiVinE model checker) and verify properties of interest.

Compensable workflow nets

We present a general framework for proof systems for relational theories. We discuss principles of the construction of deduction rules and correspondences reflecting relationships between semantics of relational logics and the rules of the respective proof systems. We illustrate the methods developed in the paper with examples relevant for the Lambek calculus and some of its extensions.

Wendy MacCaull

Papers

Diel variations in the photosynthetic parameters of coastal marine phytoplankton

DPF Workbench: A Diagrammatic Multi-Layer Domain Specific (Meta-)Modelling Environment

A metamodelling approach to behavioural modelling

Compensable workflow nets

Correspondence Results for Relational Proof Systems with Application to the Lambek Calculus