International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units

Combretum quadrangulare Kurz is widely used in folk medicine in Eastern Asia and is associated with various ethnopharmacological properties including hepatoprotective, antipyretic, analgesic, antidysenteric, and anthelmintic activities. Previous phytochemical investigations reported the presence of numerous triterpenes (mostly cycloartanes, ursanes, lupanes, and oleananes) along with dozens of flavonoids. However, the extracts of C. quadrangulare and isolated flavonoids have not been evaluated for their alpha-glucosidase inhibition. In the frame of our efforts dedicated to the chemical investigation of Vietnamese medicinal plants and their biological activities, a phytochemical study of the MeOH extract of the leaves of C. quadrangulare using bioactive guided isolation was undertaken. In this paper, the isolation and structure elucidation of twelve known compounds, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (1), ayanin (2), kumatakenin (3), rhamnocitrin (4), ombuin (5), myricetin-3,7,3′,5′-tetramethyl ether (6), gardenin D (7), luteolin (12), apigenin (13), mearnsetin (14), isoorientin (15), and vitexin (16) were reported. Bromination was applied to compounds 2 and 3 to provide four new synthetic analogues 8–11. All isolated and synthesized compounds were evaluated for alpha-glucosidase inhibition and antibacterial activity. Compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus while others were inactive. All compounds failed to reveal any activity toward extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Compounds 2, 4, 6–9, and 11–14 showed good alpha-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values in the range of 30.5–282.0 µM. The kinetic of enzyme inhibition showed that 8 and 11 were noncompetitive type inhibition against alpha-glucosidase. In silico molecular docking model indicated that compounds 8 and 11 were potential inhibitors against enzyme α-glucosidase.

Flavones from Combretum quadrangulare Growing in Vietnam and Their Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

Objective This study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the latex of three species members of Jatropha (J. curcas, J. gossypilofia Linn., and J. multifida) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL-) producing Escherichia coli and ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumonia, carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)-E. coli, K. pneumoniae-carbapenemase (KPC), and carbapenemase-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA). Method The antibacterial activities were calculated based on the inhibition zones using the Mueller-Hinton agar diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using Mueller-Hinton broth in a microdilution method, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using blood agar plate. Results The latex of Jatropha showed antibacterial activities against the MRSA and CRPA. All latex of Jatropha appeared to have the antibacterial activities against MRSA and CRPA in the diffusion method (20.4-23.7 mm and 12-15 mm), MIC (0.19-6.25%, and 25%), and MBC (0.39-12.5% and 50%). Phytochemical screening of latex indicated the presence of flavonoids. Conclusions The latex of J. curcas, J. gossypilofia Linn., and J. multifida has the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents, especially against MRSA and CRPA strain, but further in vivo research and discovery of the mode of its action are required to shed the light on the effects.

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Antibacterial Potential of Jatropha sp. Latex against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

The essential oils from cajuput leaves (Melaleuca leucadendron) have been well-known and applied, especially in healthcare management. However, the utilization of the leaves solid waste has not been explored and reported in detail. In this review, we elaborate on the cajuput leaves starting from the plant description and leaf morphology, chemical composition, biological activities, wood decomposing organism, and an in silico prediction upon its molecular mechanism. Based on the in silico prediction, compounds such as guaiol, lupene, and 1, 8-cineole have the potential to be antifungal and insecticide that associates with the cajuput potency as a wood preservative agent.

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A Review on the Potency of Melaleuca leucadendron Leaves Solid Waste in Wood Preservation and Its In Silico Prediction upon Biological Activities

Latex, a sticky emulsion produced by specialized cells called laticifers, is a crucial part of a plant's defense system against herbivory and pathogens. It consists of a broad spectrum of active compounds, which are beneficial not only for plants, but for human health as well, enough to mention the use of morphine or codeine from poppy latex. Here, we reviewed latex's general role in plant physiology and the significance of particular compounds (alkaloids and proteins) to its defense system with the example of Chelidonium majus L. from the poppy family. We further attempt to present latex chemicals used so far in medicine and then focus on functional studies of proteins and other compounds with potential pharmacological activities using modern techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Despite the centuries-old tradition of using latex-bearing plants in therapies, there are still a lot of promising molecules waiting to be explored.

Functional Studies of Plant Latex as a Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Proteins and Alkaloids.

The multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria is a global health problem that causes high mortality every year. Therefore, novel antibacterial agents are needed from natural biological sources. This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activities of various crude extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi against MDR bacteria. The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the use agar well diffusion assay and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using Muellerâ€“Hinton broth in a microdilution method. Bacteria from wells were subcultured using inoculating loop onto a 5% sheep BAP. The best antibacterial activity, calculated as the most widely inhibitory zone and the smallest MBC values. The ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against the all MDR bacterial test in the agar well diffusion assay (10-14.5 mm inhibition diameter). The MBC of water extract against ESI²L + CR Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the best antibacterial activity (12.5 mg/mL). The fruit of bilimbi was shown to be potentially developed as antibacterial agents, especially for MDR strains. Further in vivo research and discovery of action mode are needed to shed light on their antibacterial effects. This study can provide new information about the benefits of bilimbi as a source of natural antibacterial againts MDR-bacteria

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Antibacterial Activity of Various Extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

. Prastiyanto ME, Rohmah N, Efendi L, Arifin R, Wardoyo FA, Wilson W, Mukaromah AH, Dewi SS, Darmawati S. 2021. Antifungal activities of the rhizome extract of five member Zingiberaceae against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Biodiversitas 22: 1509-1513. Fungal infections have now become serious health issues. One of the strategies to avoid the problems of fungal infections is by using natural product from plants that are effective against many human pathogenic fungi. The study portrayed the use of the extracts of plant rhizomes as the alternatives to fight against number of human pathogenic fungi. This research aimed to investigate the antifungal activities of crude ethanol extract of five member of the family Zingiberaceae (Curcuma longa, Alpinia galanga Zingiber officinale. var. rubrum, Zingiber officinale var. officinarum and Zingiber officinale var. amarum), which are widely used as folk medicines against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Crude ethanol extracts of five members of Zingiberaceae were evaluated for their antifungal activities and the results were calculated based on the zones of inhibition using the diffusion method. The extract showed antifungal activity against Candida. albicans in the agar well diffusion assay (10.2-27.1 mm inhibition diameter) and against T. rubrum (27.3-44.3 mm inhibition diameter). The data have revealed that all rhizomes have the potential to be developed as antifungal agents, particularly against C. albicans and T. rubrum. Studies on the antifungal activity against yeast-like (C. albicans) and filamentous (T. rubrum) can provide new information about the benefits of members Zingiberaceae as a source of natural antifungal. Researchers can select the type of rhizome that has more potential for further extraction to obtain pure compounds that can be used as antifungals.

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Antifungal activities of the rhizome extract of five member Zingiberaceae against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum

Robusta is the most widely cultivated coffee in Indonesia (90% of the total Indonesian coffee production) Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of Robusta coffee is higher than Arabica coffee or the other plants One of the efforts, for coffee market expansion is product diversification through decaffeination of coffee  Decaffeination is one of process to reduce caffeine content Decaffeinated coffee (decaff coffee) began to become public demand In addition to its more delicious taste, low caffeine coffee is beneficial for health because it is safer to eat Coffee decaffeination can utilize organic solvents that contain proteases Tofu waste was one of protease sources So that, tofu waste had potential as solvent in decaffeination The objective of the study was to assess the antioxidant activity of Robusta green coffee after going through decaffeination by using tofu waste The study was used Factorial Completely Randomized Design, ie  concentration of tofu waste (30%,60%, 90%) and length of immersion (3, 6, 9 hours) Robusta green coffee antioxidant activity was examined by using DPPH method The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity ( 176061) was in the treatment of 90% waste concentration and 9 hours of decaffeination time In conclusion, the greater the concentration and the longer the decaffeination resulted in the higher antioxidant activity This study provides information about coffee processing methods that can produce coffee with the best quality So, It can increasing the value of domestic coffee products especially in the global market and utilizing tofu liquid waste to be more malleable

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The Potential of Liquid Tofu Waste in Increasing Antioxidant Activity of Robusta Green Coffee

Salah satu infeksi yang saat ini masih banyak diderita oleh masyarakat Indonesia adalah Infeksi Saluran Kemih (ISK). ISK merupakan  infeksi yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh bakteri. Escherichia coli adalah salah satu bakteri penghasil ESBL yang sering menjadi penyebab ISK. Diperlukan alternatif baru dari bahan baku alami dengan memanfaatkan ekstrak etanol biji pepaya sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol biji pepaya terhadap pertumbuhan E. coli ESBL. Ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol sedangkan aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi sumuran dengan media MHA. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsentrasi 500 mg/ml, 600 mg/ml, 700 mg/ml, 800 mg/ml, 900 mg/ml dan 1000 mg/ml. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol biji pepaya mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap E. coli ESBL dengan zona hambat terbesar pada konsentrasi 1000 mg/mL yaitu 19,63 mm. Kata kunci : Ekstrak etanol, biji pepaya, E. coli ESBL

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Wildiani Wilson

Papers

Antibacterial Activity of Various Extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Antibacterial Potential of Jatropha sp. Latex against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Antifungal activities of the rhizome extract of five member Zingiberaceae against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum

The Potential of Liquid Tofu Waste in Increasing Antioxidant Activity of Robusta Green Coffee

Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli ESBL