William B. Gudykunst

Bio: William B. Gudykunst is an academic researcher from California State University, Fullerton. The author has contributed to research in topics: Intercultural communication & Interpersonal communication. The author has an hindex of 51, co-authored 102 publications receiving 13511 citations. Previous affiliations of William B. Gudykunst include University of Hartford & San Jose State University.

Communicating With Strangers : An Approach to Intercultural Communication

Abstract: Part 1 Conceptual foundations: an approach to the study of intercultural communication influences on the process of communicating with strangers cultural influences on the process sociocultural influences on the process psychocultural influence on the process environmental influence on the process interpreting and transmitting messsages interpreting messages transmitting verbal messages transmitting non-verbal messages interacting with strangers effective communication with strangers managing conflict with strangers.

The Influence of Cultural Individualism-Collectivism, Self Construals, and Individual Values on Communication Styles Across Cultures

Abstract: Individualism-collectivism has a direct effect on communication styles and an indirect effect that is mediated through self construals and values. It was hypothesized that cultural individualism-collectivism, self construals, and values would have separate effects on individuals’use of low- and high-context communication styles. As predicted, the results of this study suggest that independent self construals and individualistic values mediate the influence of cultural individualism-collectivism on the use of low-context communication, and interdependent self construals and collectivistic values mediate the influence of cultural individualism-collectivism on the use of high-context communication. The patterns for cultural individualism-collectivism were not as clear-cut. The findings suggest that individual level factors (i.e., self construals and values) are better predictors of low- and high-context communication styles across cultures than cultural individualism-collectivism.

Culture and interpersonal communication

Abstract: Culture and Communication Cultural Variability Situational Factors Self-Conceptions Verbal Communication Styles Nonverbal Dimensions and Context-Regulation Personality Social Cognitive Processes Affective Processes Interpersonal Relationships Intergroup Relationships Concluding Remarks

Bridging Differences: Effective Intergroup Communication

Abstract: PREFACE 1. Communicating with Strangers An Overview of the Communication Process Managing Uncertainty and Anxiety Effective Communication Study Questions Applications Notes 2. Understanding Cultural Differences Culture Individualism-Collectivism Other Dimensions of Cultural Variability Cultural Identity Study Questions Applications Notes 3. Understanding Group Differences Social Identities Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity Identities Based on Gender, Disability, Age, and Social Class Study Questions Applications Notes 4. Having Expectations for Strangers The Nature of Expectations Stereotypes Intergroup Attitudes Changing Our Intergroup Expectations Study Questions Applications Notes 5. Attributing Meaning to Strangers' Behaviors The Perception Process The Attribution Process Culture and Attributions Personality Factors Influencing Our Attributions Improving the Accuracy of Our Attributions Study Questions Applications Notes 6. Exchanging Messages with Strangers The Nature of Language and Nonverbal Messages Cultural Differences in Language Usage Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication Language Usage in Communicating with Strangers Improving the Quality of Messages Exchanged with Strangers Study Questions Applications Notes 7. Being Perceived as Competent Communicators Defining Perceived Competence Motivation Knowledge Skills Study Questions Applications Notes 8. Managing Intergroup Conflict The Nature of Conflict Cultural and Ethnic Differences in Conflict Face Concerns Characteristics of Intergroup Conflict Managing Intergroup Conflict Study Questions Applications Notes 9. Developing Relationships with Strangers Similarities and Differences Across Groups Intergroup Relationships Intergroup Relationship Development Romantic Relationships Study Questions Applications Notes Notes Notes 10. Building Community with Strangers The Nature of Community Characteristics of Community Community and Public Life Civic Engagement Diversity and Community Ethical Issues in Building Community with Strangers Principles of Community Building Study Questions Applications Notes REFERENCES INDEX ABOUT THE AUTHOR

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Abstract: Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

Abstract: The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.

Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.

Abstract: Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style.

The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts

Abstract: Three aspects of the self(private, public, collective) with different probabilities in different kinds of social environments were sampled. Three dimensions of cultural variation (individualism--collectivism, tightness-looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these three aspects of the self. The more complex the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the public and private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. The more individualistic the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. Collectivism, external threat, competition with outgroups, and common fate increase the sampling of the collective self. Cultural homogeneity results in tightness and in the sampling of the collective self. The article outlines theoretical links among aspects of the environment, childrearing patterns, and cultural patterns, which are linked to differential sampling of aspects of the self. Such sampling has implications for social behavior. Empirical investigations of some of these links are reviewed.

Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.

Abstract: Analyzing political conservatism as motivated social cognition integrates theories of personality (authoritarianism, dogmatism-intolerance of ambiguity), epistemic and existential needs (for closure, regulatory focus, terror management), and ideological rationalization (social dominance, system justification). A meta-analysis (88 samples, 12 countries, 22,818 cases) confirms that several psychological variables predict political conservatism: death anxiety (weighted mean r = .50); system instability (.47); dogmatism-intolerance of ambiguity (.34); openness to experience (-.32); uncertainty tolerance (-.27); needs for order, structure, and closure (.26); integrative complexity (-.20); fear of threat and loss (.18); and self-esteem (-.09). The core ideology of conservatism stresses resistance to change and justification of inequality and is motivated by needs that vary situationally and dispositionally to manage uncertainty and threat.