William C. Haynes

Bio: William C. Haynes is an academic researcher from United States Department of Agriculture. The author has contributed to research in topics: Spore & Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The author has an hindex of 9, co-authored 17 publications receiving 815 citations.

Pseudomonas aureofaciens Kluyver and phenazine alpha-carboxylic acid, its characteristic pigment

Abstract: Heretofore three species of bacteria have been known to form phenazine pigments. Two of them are well established members of the genus Pseudomonas. One is P. aeruginosa, which produces pyocyanine (I) (Jensen and Holten, 1949); the other is P. chlororaphis, its pigment, chlororaphine, being a reduced form of oxychlororaphine (II) (Dufraisse, Etienne and Toromanoff, 1952). The third microorganism capable of producing a phenazine pigment was originally designated Chromobacterium iodinum by Davis (1939). Tobie (1939) suggested that this microorganism belonged to the genus Pseudomonas because of its production of the phenazine pigment iodinin (III) (Clemo and Daglish, 1950; Kiprianov, Serebryanyi and Chernetskii, 1952).

Comparative taxonomy of crystallogenic strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomonas chlororaphis

Abstract: Haynes, William C. (Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Peoria, Ill.) and Lenora J. Rhodes. Comparative taxonomy of crystallogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas chlororaphis. J. Bacteriol. 84:1080–1084. 1962.—Only 11 of 39 strains received in the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection under the designation Pseudonomas chlororaphis proved to be authentic; 28 were typical, pyocyanogenic strains of P. aeruginosa. The reason for this disproportionately high rate of misidentification apparently arises from an erroneous belief that the ability to produce green and yellow crystals of chlororaphin and oxychlororaphin is confined to P. chlororaphis. The ability of many strains of P. aeruginosa to do likewise is not well known. Inasmuch as the characteristic is not unique to P. chlororaphis, other criteria are required to distinguish crystallogenic strains of these species. After a taxonomic comparison of 18 strains of P. chlororaphis and 47 crystallogenic strains of P. aeruginosa, it was determined that there are three main distinctions: (i) P. aeruginosa grows well at 42 C but fails to grow upon serial transfer at 5 C, whereas P. chlororaphis fails to grow at 42 C, but grows well at 5 C: (ii) most strains of P. aeruginosa produce pyocyanin, whereas P. chlororaphis strains do not; (iii) P. aeruginosa cells possess only one or two polar flagella, whereas P. chlororaphis usually has at least four, sometimes as many as eight, polar flagella.

Spore Formation by Bacillus popilliae in Liquid Medium Containing Activated Carbon

Abstract: Haynes, W. C. (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.), and Lenora J. Rhodes. Spore formation by Bacillus popilliae in liquid medium containing activated carbon. J. Bacteriol. 91:2270-2274. 1966.-Heretofore, it has not been found possible to evoke sporulation of Bacillus popilliae in liquid culture. We have discovered that sporulation will occur in tryptone-glucose-yeast extract broth shaken cultures if activated carbon (charcoal) is present during growth. The spores so engendered have survived drying in air and subsequent storage for several months as dry films and also in dry soil, sand, and a mixture of powdered calcium carbonate and talc. Furthermore, the longevity of cultures, even when spores are absent, is extended, in cultures containing activated carbon, to several weeks at a population of millions of cells per milliliter. This extension of life is the result of a marked change from rapid decline in numbers to an almost stationary population.

Plant L‐ascorbic acid: chemistry, function, metabolism, bioavailability and effects of processing

Abstract: Humans are unable to synthesise L-ascorbic acid (L-AA, ascorbate, vitamin C), and are thus entirely dependent upon dietary sources to meet needs. In both plant and animal metabolism, the biological functions of L-ascorbic acid are centred around the antioxidant properties of this molecule. Considerable evidence has been accruing in the last two decades of the importance of L-AA in protecting not only the plant from oxidative stress, but also mammals from various chronic diseases that have their origins in oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that the plasma levels of L-AA in large sections of the population are sub-optimal for the health protective effects of this vitamin. Until quite recently, little focus has been given to improving the L-AA content of plant foods, either in terms of the amounts present in commercial crop varieties, or in minimising losses prior to ingestion. Further, while L-AA biosynthesis in animals was elucidated in the 1960s, 1 it is only very recently that a distinct biosynthetic route for plants has been proposed. 2 The characterisation of this new pathway will undoubtedly provide the necessary focus and impetus to enable fundamental questions on plant L-AA metabolism to be resolved. This review focuses on the role of L-AA in metabolism and the latest studies regarding its bio- synthesis, tissue compartmentalisation, turnover and catabolism. These inter-relationships are considered in relation to the potential to improve the L-AA content of crops. Methodology for the reliable analysis of L-AA in plant foods is briefly reviewed. The concentrations found in common food sources and the effects of processing, or storage prior to consumption are discussed. Finally the factors that determine the bioavailability of L-AA and how it may be improved are considered, as well as the most important future research needs. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

Phase transitions and fluidity characteristics of lipids and cell membranes.

Abstract: The concept that the liquid crystalline or mesomorphic condition was of importance to biological systems is a relatively old idea. Thus Bernal (1933) when discussing the different types of arrangements of molecules in liquid crystals commented ‘Such structures belong to the liquid crystal as a unit and not to its molecules which may be replaced by others without destroying them and they persist in spite of the complete fluidity of the substance. These are just the properties to be required for a degree of organization between that of the continuous substance, liquid or crystalline solid and even the simplest living cell.’ Stewart (1961) some thirty years later also stated that ‘It is this property – the combination of flow and lability with a preferred and relatively stable molecular orientation – that makes the mesomorphic (i.e. liquid crystal) phase uniquely appropriate to the structure of protoplasm and living tissue.’

Classification and identification of bacteria by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract: Summary: This study describes a computer-based technique for classifying and identifying bacterial samples using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) patterns. Classification schemes were tested for selected series of bacterial strains and species from a variety of different genera. Dissimilarities between bacterial IR spectra were calculated using modified correlation coefficients. Dissimilarity matrices were used for cluster analysis, which yielded dendrograms broadly equated with conventional taxonomic classification schemes. Analyses were performed with selected strains of the taxa Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Legionella and Escherichia coli in particular, and with a database containing 139 bacterial reference spectra. The latter covered a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Unknown specimens could be identified when included in an established cluster analysis. Thirty-six clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 24 of Streptococcus faecalis were tested and all were assigned to the correct species cluster. It is concluded that: (1) FT-IR patterns can be used to type bacteria; (2) FT-IR provides data which can be treated such that classifications are similar and/or complementary to conventional classification schemes; and (3) FT-IR can be used as an easy and safe method for the rapid identification of clinical isolates.