Author
William P. Bahnfleth
Other affiliations: University College of Engineering
Bio: William P. Bahnfleth is an academic researcher from Pennsylvania State University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation & Chilled water. The author has an hindex of 26, co-authored 110 publications receiving 2332 citations. Previous affiliations of William P. Bahnfleth include University College of Engineering.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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Queensland University of Technology1, University of Leicester2, Pennsylvania State University3, Delft University of Technology4, University of Cassino5, Chinese Academy of Sciences6, Edinburgh Napier University7, University of Cambridge8, ICM Partners9, Lund University10, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences11, Tallinn University of Technology12, University of Hong Kong13, Eindhoven University of Technology14, University of New South Wales15, Virginia Tech16, Polytechnic University of Milan17, Technical University of Denmark18, University of Colorado Boulder19, University of Maryland, College Park20, University of California, Berkeley21, Aalborg University22, University of Leeds23, Yale University24, Spanish National Research Council25, National University of Singapore26, Aalto University27, McGill University28, Peking University29
TL;DR: It is argued that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors, and that the use of engineering controls in public buildings would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission.
924 citations
University of Leicester1, Pennsylvania State University2, Delft University of Technology3, University of Cassino4, University of Colorado Boulder5, Tallinn University of Technology6, University of Hong Kong7, National University of Singapore8, Queensland University of Technology9, Virginia Tech10, Technical University of Denmark11, University of California, Berkeley12, Aalborg University13, McGill University14, NHS Lanarkshire15, Edinburgh Napier University16
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the most commonly held dogmas on airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the COVID-19 pandemic.
237 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that the dramatic growth in our understanding of the mechanisms behind respiratory infection transmission should drive a paradigm shift in how we view and address the transmission of respiratory infections to protect present and future generations from unnecessary suffering and economic losses.
Abstract: There is great disparity in the way we think about and address different sources of environmental infection. Governments have for decades promulgated a large amount of legislation and invested heavily in food safety, sanitation, and drinking water for public health purposes. In contrast, airborne pathogens and respiratory infections, whether seasonal influenza or COVID-19, are ad-dressed fairly weakly, if at all, in terms of regulations, standards, and building design and operation, pertaining to the air we breathe. We suggest that the dramatic growth in our understanding of the mechanisms behind respiratory infection transmission should drive a paradigm shift in how we view and address the transmission of respiratory infections to protect present and future generations from unnecessary suffering and economic losses. It starts with a recognition that preventing respiratory infection, like reducing waterborne or food-borne disease, is a tractable problem. See Additional URL below for 'free to read' PDF reprint.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive treatment of the mathematical basis for modeling the disinfection process for air using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is presented, and a complete mathematical description of the survival curve is developed that incorporates both a two stage inactivation curve and a shoulder.
Abstract: A comprehensive treatment of the mathematical basis for modeling the disinfection process for air using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). A complete mathematical description of the survival curve is developed that incorporates both a two stage inactivation curve and a shoulder. A methodology for the evaluation of the three-dimensional intensity fields around UV lamps and within reflective enclosures is summarized that will enable determination of the UV dose absorbed by aerosolized microbes. The results of past UVGI studies on airborne pathogens are tabulated. The airborne rate constant for Bacillus subtilis is confirmed based on results of an independent test. A re-evaluation of data from several previous studies demonstrates the application of the shoulder and two-stage models. The methods presented here will enable accurate interpretation of experimental results involving aerosolized microorganisms exposed to UVGI and associated relative humidity effects
151 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a pilot DOAS/radiant panel cooling system is constructed on a university campus to investigate its advantages over alternative cooling systems in a real application, and the energy conservation potential of the pilot system relative to a conventional variable air volume (VAV) system with air-side economizer control was estimated.
Abstract: Dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) integrated with ceiling radiant cooling panels as a parallel sensible cooling system are being considered as an alternative to conventional variable air volume (VAV) systems for commercial buildings because of their energy conservation, first and operating costs, and indoor air quality advantages. A pilot DOAS/radiant panel cooling system is being constructed on a university campus to investigate its advantages over alternative cooling systems in a real application. Prior to the actual operation of the pilot system, the energy conservation potential of the DOAS/radiant cooling panel system relative to a VAV system with air-side economizer control was estimated. Hourly energy simulation predicts that the annual electrical energy consumption of the pilot DOAS/radiant panel cooling system is 42% less than that of the conventional VAV system with air-side economizer.
100 citations
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for "experimenters") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment.
Abstract: THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON
13,333 citations
31 Oct 2001
TL;DR: The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as mentioned in this paper is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards for testing and materials, and is a member of IEEE 802.11.
Abstract: The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.
3,792 citations
30 Dec 2005
TL;DR: The threat of MDR TB is decreasing, and the transmission of M. tuberculosis in health-care settings continues to decrease because of implementation of infection-control measures and reductions in community rates of TB.
Abstract: In 1994, CDC published the Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HealthCare Facilities, 1994. The guidelines were issued in response to 1) a resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) disease that occurred in the United States in the mid-1980s and early 1990s, 2) the documentation of several high-profile health-care--associated (previously termed "nosocomial") outbreaks related to an increase in the prevalence of TB disease and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, 3) lapses in infection control practices, 4) delays in the diagnosis and treatment of persons with infectious TB disease, and 5) the appearance and transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB strains. The 1994 guidelines, which followed statements issued in 1982 and 1990, presented recommendations for TB infection control based on a risk assessment process that classified health-care facilities according to categories of TB risk, with a corresponding series of administrative, environmental, and respiratory protection control measures. The TB infection control measures recommended by CDC in 1994 were implemented widely in health-care facilities in the United States. The result has been a decrease in the number of TB outbreaks in health-care settings reported to CDC and a reduction in health-care-associated transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to patients and health-care workers (HCWs). Concurrent with this success, mobilization of the nation's TB control programs succeeded in reversing the upsurge in reported cases of TB disease, and case rates have declined in the subsequent 10 years. Findings indicate that although the 2004 TB rate was the lowest recorded in the United States since national reporting began in 1953, the declines in rates for 2003 (2.3%) and 2004 (3.2%) were the smallest since 1993. In addition, TB infection rates greater than the U.S. average continue to be reported in certain racial/ethnic populations. The threat of MDR TB is decreasing, and the transmission of M. tuberculosis in health-care settings continues to decrease because of implementation of infection-control measures and reductions in community rates of TB. Given the changes in epidemiology and a request by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) for review and update of the 1994 TB infection control document, CDC has reassessed the TB infection control guidelines for health-care settings. This report updates TB control recommendations reflecting shifts in the epidemiology of TB, advances in scientific understanding, and changes in health-care practice that have occurred in the United States during the preceding decade. In the context of diminished risk for health-care-associated transmission of M. tuberculosis, this document places emphasis on actions to maintain momentum and expertise needed to avert another TB resurgence and to eliminate the lingering threat to HCWs, which is mainly from patients or others with unsuspected and undiagnosed infectious TB disease. CDC prepared the current guidelines in consultation with experts in TB, infection control, environmental control, respiratory protection, and occupational health. The new guidelines have been expanded to address a broader concept; health-care--associated settings go beyond the previously defined facilities. The term "health-care setting" includes many types, such as inpatient settings, outpatient settings, TB clinics, settings in correctional facilities in which health care is delivered, settings in which home-based health-care and emergency medical services are provided, and laboratories handling clinical specimens that might contain M. tuberculosis. The term "setting" has been chosen over the term "facility," used in the previous guidelines, to broaden the potential places for which these guidelines apply.
1,136 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the tools used to predict ventilation performance in buildings, which includes analytical models, empirical models, small-scale experimental models, full scale experimental model, multizone network models, zonal models, and computational fluid dynamics models.
808 citations
TL;DR: The dependence of phagocytosis on particle size originated primarily from the attachment step, revealing the importance of controlling drug delivery particle size distribution and selecting the size appropriate for avoiding or encouraging phagcytosis.
Abstract: Purpose
Polymeric microspheres are extensively researched for applications in drug and vaccine delivery. However, upon administration into the body, microspheres are primarily cleared via phagocytosis by macrophages. Although numerous studies have reported on the biochemical pathways of phagocytosis, relatively little is known about the dependence of phagocytosis on particle size. Here, we investigate the previously unexplained dependence of phagocytosis on particle size.
764 citations