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William P. Manion

Bio: William P. Manion is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Shear stress & Tire recycling. The author has an hindex of 2, co-authored 2 publications receiving 240 citations.

Papers
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Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the engineering properties needed to put tire chips into use are presented, including gradation, specific gravity, compacted density, shear strength, compressibility, and coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest.
Abstract: Scrap tires that have been cut into chips are coarse grained, free draining, and have a low compacted density, thus offering significant advantages for use as lightweight fill and retaining wall backfill. The engineering properties needed to put tire chips into use are presented. The properties determined for tire chips, from three suppliers, are gradation, specific gravity, compacted density, shear strength, compressibility, and coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest. The 76-mm (3-in.) maximum size and high compressibility of the tire chips necessitated design and fabrication of custom-made testing equipment. The tests showed that the tire chips are composed of uniformly graded, gravel-sized particles that absorb only a small amount of water. Their compacted density is 0.618 to 0.642 Mg/cu m (38.6 to 40.1 pcf), which is about one-third that of compacted soils. The shear strength was measured in a large-scale direct shear apparatus. The friction angle and cohesion intercept ranged from 19 to 25 degrees and 8 to 11 kPa (160 to 240 psf), respectively. The compressibility tests showed that tire chips are highly compressible on initial loading, but that the compressibility on subsequent unloading and reloading cycles is less. The horizontal stress was measured during these tests and showed that the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest varied from 0.26 for tire chips with a large amount of steel belt exposed at the cut edges to 0.47 for tire chips composed entirely of glass-belted tires.

137 citations


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the characteristics of shredded scrap tires and their engineering properties and behavior alone or when mixed with soils, including compaction, compressibility, strength and deformability, and hydraulic conductivity.
Abstract: The primary objective of the research described herein is to assess the pertinent engineering properties for reusing shredded scrap tires as a construction material for light-weight fill material in highway construction, for drainage material in highway and landfill construction, and for other similar applications. Reuse of scrap tires would not only provide a means of disposing of them but would also help solve difficult economical and technical problems. This paper presents the characteristics of shredded scrap tires and their engineering properties and behavior alone or when mixed with soils. The properties considered include compaction, compressibility, strength and deformability, and hydraulic conductivity. Described are new test procedures or modification of existing methods developed to characterize this unusual material.

371 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tire shreds and tire shreds can be used as alternative backfill material in many geotechnical applications, such as soil mixtures as discussed by the authors, which can not only address growing environmental and ec...
Abstract: Tire shreds and tire shred – soil mixtures can be used as alternative backfill material in many geotechnical applications. The reuse of tire shreds may not only address growing environmental and ec...

366 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of using shredded waste tires to reinforce sand was investigated, and three significant factors affecting shear strength were identified: normal stress, shred content, and sand matrix unit weight.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using shredded waste tires to reinforce sand. Direct shear tests were conducted on mixtures of dry sand and shredded waste tires. The following factors were studied to evaluate their influence on shear strength: normal stress, sand matrix unit weight, shred content, shred length, and shred orientation. From results of the tests, three significant factors affecting shear strength were identified: normal stress, shred content, and sand matrix unit weight. A model for estimating the strength of reinforced soils was also evaluated to determine its applicability to mixtures of sand and tire shreds. When the model is calibrated using results from one shred content, it may be useful for estimating the friction angle for other shred contents. In all cases, adding shredded tires increased the shear strength of sand, with an apparent friction angle (ϕ′) as large as 67° being obtained. Shred content and sand matrix unit weight were the most significan...

324 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The properties of waste tyre rubber and engineering applications have been previously reported in a range of publications with respect to the environmental, economic, and technical factors as discussed by the authors, with a focus on geotechnical engineering applications, such as earthworks and infrastructure construction.
Abstract: Waste tyres and their accumulation is a global environmental concern; they are not biodegradable, and, globally, an estimated 1.5 billion are generated annually. Waste tyres in landfill and stockpiles are renowned for leaching toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment, acting as breeding grounds for mosquitoes, and fuelling inextinguishable fires. The properties of waste tyre rubber and engineering applications have been previously reported in a range of publications with respect to the environmental, economic, and technical factors. This study compiles and reviews this research with a focus on geotechnical engineering applications, such as earthworks and infrastructure construction. The applications of waste rubber in construction materials includes cementitious concrete, asphalt concrete, and granular materials for earth structures. Crumb rubber, when used as a sand replacement in flowable concrete fill, improved ductility and strength-to-weight ratio. A 40 MPa concrete mix with 0.6% rubber crumb content exhibited optimal strength and air entrainment capabilities, displaying minimal damage after 56 freeze/thaw cycles. Rubber, as a partial replacement for aggregate in road base and sub-base layers, adversely affected the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the graded aggregate base course. Rubber-soil mixtures as the interface of foundation and structure yielded a 60–70 % reduction in vertical and horizontal ground accelerations when subjected to earthquake simulation modelling. There is concern regarding the toxicity of waste rubber incorporated products due to leachates of heavy metals and other chemicals common in tyres. Further comprehensive studies in this area are needed. Leachate studies should be conducted under different pH and liquid to solid ratios.

247 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a promising seismic isolation method particularly suitable for developing countries, which makes use of rubber-soil mixtures to reduce the level of shaking in the horizontal direction.
Abstract: This paper proposes a promising seismic isolation method particularly suitable for developing countries, which makes use of rubber-soil mixtures. Apart from reducing the level of shaking in the horizontal direction, the distinctive advantage of the proposed method is that it can also significantly reduce the shaking level of vertical ground motion, to which an increasing attention has been paid in the earthquake engineering community. On the other hand, the use of scrap tires as the rubber material can provide an alternative way to consume the huge stockpile of scrap tires all over the world. Moreover, the low cost of this proposed seismic protection scheme can greatly benefit those developing countries where resources and technology are not adequate for earthquake mitigation with well-developed, yet expensive, techniques. The proposed method has been demonstrated through a series of numerical simulations and a parametric study has also been carried out. Lastly, five important issues regarding the concept and feasibility have been discussed.

213 citations