Global strategy for asthma management and prevention

Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria.

BACKGROUNDThese Guidelines for Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition have been developed as a mutual project of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN; www.espghan.org) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN; www.espen.org). T

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1. Guidelines on Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), Supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR).

Objective: T o de v elop a North American Society for Pediatric Ga str oen te rol og y , He pat olo gy , and Nut ri tio n (N ASP GH AN) and Eu rop ea n Soc ie ty fo r Pe di atr ic Gas tr oen te ro log y , Hep at ol og y , and Nut rit io n (ES PGH AN ) int er nat io nal con se ns us on th e di agn os is an d ma nag em ent of gas tr oes op hag eal refl ux and gas tr oes op hag eal re flu x di sea se in th e ped ia tr ic po pu la tio n. Methods: An international panel of 9 pediatric gastroenterologists and 2 epidemiologists were selected by both societies, which de v eloped these guidelines based on the Delphi principle. Statements were based on systematic literature searches using the best-av ailable e vidence from PubMed, Cumulati ve Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and bibliographies. The committee con v ened in face-to-face meetings 3 times. Consensus was achie v ed for all recommendations through nominal group technique, a structured, quantitati v e method. Articles were e v aluated using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Le vels of Evidence. Using the Oxford Grades of Recommendation, the quality of e vidence of each of the recommendations made by the committee was determined and is summarized in appendices. Results: More than 600 articles were re vie wed for this work. The document provides e vidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the pediatric population. Conclusions: Th is do cum ent is int end ed to be us ed in dai ly pra cti ce fo r th e de v el op me nt of fut ure cli ni cal pra ct ic e gu ide lin es and as a bas is for cli ni cal tr ia ls . JP GN 49 :49 8 – 54 7, 20 09 . Ke y Wo rd s: Cli nic al pra ct ic e gu id el ine s — Di agn os tic te sts — Ga str oes op hag ea l refl ux (GE R) — Ga str oes op hag ea l refl ux di sea se (GE RD ) — The rap eut ic mod al iti es. # 20 09 by Eu rop ea n Soc ie ty fo r Pe di atr ic Gas tr oen te ro log y , Hep at ol og y , and Nut rit io n and No rt h Am er ica n So ci ety for Pe dia tri c Ga str oen te rol og y , Hep at ol og y , an d Nu tr iti on

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Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN)

Cystic fibrosis results from defects in the gene encoding a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent chloride ion channel known as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). To create an animal model for cystic fibrosis, mice were generated from embryonic stem cells in which the CFTR gene was disrupted by gene targeting. Mice homozygous for the disrupted gene display many features common to young human cystic fibrosis patients, including failure to thrive, meconium ileus, alteration of mucous and serous glands, and obstruction of glandlike structures with inspissated eosinophilic material. Death resulting from intestinal obstruction usually occurs before 40 days of age.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/257/5073/1083.full.pdf

An Animal Model for Cystic Fibrosis Made by Gene Targeting

Section I - Genetics and Embryology Basic Genetic Principles Prenatal Diagnosis Basic Embryology Regulation of Embryogenesis The Extracellular Matrix in Development Stem Cell Biology Apoptotic Cell Death Angiogenesis Epigenetics Section II - Placenta and Intrauterine Environment Placental Development Regulation of the Placental Circulation Mechanisms of Transfer Across the Human Placenta Endocrine and Paracrine Function of the Human Placenta Fetal and Maternal Responses to Intrauterine Infection Fetal Origins of Adult Disease: A Classic Hypothesis with New Relevance Physiologic Effects of Multiple Pregnancy on Mother and Fetus Placental function in intrauterine growth restriction Section III - Developmental Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Basic Pharmacologic Principles Principles of Pharmacokinetics Physicochemical and Structural Properties Regulating Placental Drug Transfer Pharmacogenetics Drug Distribution in Fetal Life Drug Transfer During Breastfeeding Section IV - Intrauterine and Postnatal Growth Circulatory and Metabolic Changes Accompanying Fetal Growth Restriction Endocrine Factors Affecting Neonatal Growth Human Milk Composition and Function in the Infant Physiology of Lactation Section V - Perinatal Iron, Mineral, and Vitamin Metabolism Fetal and Neonatal Iron Metabolism Neonatal Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis Zinc in the Fetus and Neonate Vitamin A Metabolism in the Fetus and Neonate Vitamin E Metabolism in the Fetus and Newborn Infant Vitamin K Metabolism in the Fetus and Neonate Section VI - Lipid Metabolism Maternal-Fetal Transfer of Lipid Metabolites Brown Adipose Tissue: Development and Function Lipids as an Energy Source for the Premature and Full-Term Neonate Ketone Body Production and Metabolism in the Fetus and Neonate Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Developing Retina and Brain Section VII - Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Glucose and Methods of Investigation in the Fetus and Newborn Carbohydrate Metabolism During Pregnancy Oxygen Consumption and General Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Fetus Role of Glucoregulatory Hormones in Hepatic Glucose Metabolism During the Perinatal Period Cell Glucose Transport and Glucose Handling During Fetal and Neonatal Development Section VIII - Protein Metabolism General Concepts of Protein Metabolism Fetal Requirements and Placental Transfer of Nitrogenous Compounds Section IX - Thermoregulation Temperature Control in Newborn Infants Responses of the Fetus and Neonate to Hypothermia Section X - Skin Structure and Development of Skin and Cutaneous Appendages Physiologic Development of the Skin Section XI - Fetal and Neonatal Cardiovascular Physiology Cardiovascular Development Developmental Electrophysiology in the Fetus and Neonate Developmental Biology of the Pulmonary Vasculature Development of the Gastrointestinal Circulation in the Fetus and Newborn Physiology of Congenital Heart Disease in the Neonate Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure During Fetal and Newborn Life Developmental Effects on Fetal Circulation Mechanisms Regulating Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus Umbilical Circulation Fetal and Placental Circulation During Labor Physiology of Resuscitation Section XII - The Lung Normal and Abnormal Structural Development of the Lung Regulation of Alveolarization Physiologic Mechanisms of Normal and Altered Lung Growth Before and After Birth Molecular Mechanisms of Lung Development and Lung Branching Morphogenesis Regulation of Liquid Secretion and Absorption by the Fetal and Neonatal Lung Upper Airway Structure: Function, Regulation, and Development Regulation of Lower Airway Function Functional Development of Respiratory Muscles Mechanics of Breathing Pulmonary Gas Exchange in the Developing Lung Oxygen Transport and Delivery Control of Breathing in Fetal Life and Onset and Control of Breathing in the Neonate Basic Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensing and Response to Hypoxia Evaluation of Pulmonary Function in the Neonate Mechanisms of Neonatal Lung Injury Impaired Lung Growth After Injury in Premature Lung Antenatal Factors That Influence Postnatal Lung Development and Injury Regulation of Pulmonary Circulation Section XIII - Surfactant Historical Perspective Composition of Pulmonary Surfactant Lipids and Proteins Structure And Development of Alveolar Epithelial Cells Regulation of Surfactant-Associated Phospholipid Synthesis and Secretion Hormonal Therapy for Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome Surfactant Treatment Genetics and Physiology of Surfactant Protein Deficiencies Section XIV - Physiology of Gastrointestinal Tract in the Fetus and Neonate Trophic Factors and Regulation of Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver Development Organogenesis of the Gastrointestinal Tract Development of the Enteric Nervous System Development of Gastric Secretory Function Development of Gastrointestinal Motility Development of the Exocrine Pancreas Digestive-Absorption Functions in Fetuses, Infants, and Children Development of the Intestinal Microbiome Section XV - Liver and Bilirubin Metabolism Organogenesis and Histologic Development of the Liver Bile Acid Metabolism During Development Neonatal Bilirubin Metabolism Hereditary Contribution to Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Mechanisms of Action of Phototherapy for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Section XVI - The Kidney Embryogenesis and Anatomic Development of the Kidney Functional Development of the Kidney in Utero Development and Regulation of Renal Blood flow in the Neonate Development of the Renin-Angiotensin System Postnatal Development of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Neonates Renal Transport of Sodium During Early Development Potassium Homeostasis in the Fetus and Neonate Role of the Kidney in Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis Transport of Amino Acids in the Fetus and Neonate Developmental Aspects of Organic Acid Transport Concentration and Dilution of the Urine Development of Acidification Mechanisms in the Fetus and Neonate Response to Nephron Loss in Early Development Section XVII - Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism Fluid Distribution in the Fetus and Neonate Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in the Fetus and Neonate Section XVIII - Developmental Hematopoiesis Developmental Biology of Stem Cells: From the Embryo to the Adult Developmental Granulocytopoiesis Developmental Erythropoiesis Developmental Megakaryocytopoiesis Section XIX - Hemostasis Developmental Hemostasis Platelet-Vessel Wall Interactions Section XX - Developmental Immunobiology Host Defense Mechanisms Against Bacteria Host-Fungi Interactions Relevant to the Newborn Infant Host Defense Mechanisms Against Viruses T-Cell Development B-Cell Development Mononuclear Phagocyte System Normal and Abnormal Neutrophil Physiology in the Newborn The Complement System of the Fetus and Newborn Cytokines and Inflammatory Response in the Fetus and Neonate Immunology of Human Milk and Host Immunity Neonatal Pulmonary Host Defense Section XXI - Neurology Development of the Nervous System Development of the Blood-Brain Barrier Trophic Factor and Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Brain Development Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Neonate Cerebellar Development - an Impact of Preterm Birth and Co-Morbidities Electroencephalography in the Premature and Full-Term Infant Developmental Aspects of Pain Section XXII - Special Sensory Systems in the Fetus and Neonate Early Development of the Human Auditory System Development of Taste and Smell in the Neonate Section XXIII - Orthopedics The Growth Plate: Embryologic Origin, Structure, and Function Ontogenesis of Striated Muscle Section XXIV - Endocrine Function Hypothalamus: Neuroendometabolic Center Growth Factor Regulation of Fetal Growth Growth Hormone in the Fetus and Newborn Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion in the Fetus and Newborn Development of the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Corticotropin System in the Mammalian Fetus Fetal and Neonatal Adrenocortical Physiology Fetal and Neonatal Thyroid Physiology Section XXV - Ovary and Testis Genetics of Sex Determination and Differentiation Differentiation of the Ovary Testicular Development and Descent Section XXVI - Pathophysiology of Neonatal Diseases Pathophysiology of Neonatal sepsis Pathophysiology of Hypoglycemia in the Neonate Pathophysiology of Cardiomyopathies Pathophysiology of Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn Pathophysiology of Shock in the Fetus and Neonate Pathophysiology of Apnea of Prematurity Pathophysiology of Respiratory Distress Syndrome Pathophysiology of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Pathophysiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Pathophysiology of Ventilator Dependent Infants Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Pathophysiology of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis Pathophysiology of Kernicterus Pathophysiology of neonatal acute kidney injury Pathophysiology of Edema Pathophysiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity Pathophysiology of Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury Pathophysiology of Neonatal White Matter Injury Pathophysiology of Meningitis Pathophysiology of Neural Tube Defects Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia Pathophysiology of Preterm Birth Pathophysiology of Chorioamnionitis

https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(12)60622-3/pdf

William W. Fox

Papers

Fetal and Neonatal Physiology

Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the neonate: Diagnosis and management

Awake apnea associated with gastroesophageal reflux: A specific clinical syndrome

Physiologic factors affecting pulmonary artery pressure in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension

Improved oxygenation and lung compliance withprone positioning of neonates