http://www.beauty-review.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Some-phytochemical-pharmacological-and-toxicological-properties-of-ginger-Zingiber-officinale-Roscoe-A-review-of-recent-research.pdf

Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research.

Infectious diseases account for approximately one-half of all deaths in tropical countries. In industrialized nations, despite the progress made in the understanding of microbiology and their control, incidents of epidemics due to drug resistant microorganisms and the emergence of hitherto unknown disease-causing microbes, pose enormous public health concerns. Historically, plants have provided a good source of antiinfective agents; emetine, quinine, and berberine remain highly effective instruments in the fight against microbial infections. Phytomedicines derived from plants have shown great promise in the treatment of intractable infectious diseases including opportunistic AIDS infections. Plants containing protoberberines and related alkaloids, picralima-type indole alkaloids and garcinia biflavonones used in traditional African system of medicine, have been found to be active against a wide variety of micro-organisms. The profile of known drugs like Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), Garcinia kola (bitter kola), Polygonum sp., Aframomum melegueta (grains of paradise) will be used to illustrate the enormous potential of antiinfective agents from higher plants. Newer drugs such as Xylopia aethiopica, Araliopsis tabouensis, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Chasmanthera dependens and Nauclea species will be reviewed.

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New Antimicrobials of Plant Origin

Nowadays, use of alternative and complementary therapies with mainstream medicine has gained the momentum. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies which use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to treat several diseases. The essential or volatile oils are extracted from the flowers, barks, stem, leaves, roots, fruits and other parts of the plant by various methods. It came into existence after the scientists deciphered the antiseptic and skin permeability properties of essential oils. Inhalation, local application and baths are the major methods used in aromatherapy that utilize these oils to penetrate the human skin surface with marked aura. Once the oils are in the system, they remodulate themselves and work in a friendly manner at the site of malfunction or at the affected area. This type of therapy utilizes various permutation and combinations to get relief from numerous ailments like depression, indigestion, headache, insomnia, muscular pain, respiratory problems, skin ailments, swollen joints, urine associated complications etc. The essential oils are found to be more beneficial when other aspects of life and diet are given due consideration. This review explores the information available in the literature regarding therapeutic, medical, cosmetic, psychological, olfactory, massage aromatherapy, safety issues and different plants used in aromatherapy. All the available information was compiled from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and library search.

Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review

https://zenodo.org/record/1004771/files/Cushnie%20et%20al%20%282014%29%20post-peer%20reviewed%20version.pdf

Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities.

Medicinal plants have been used in healthcare since time immemorial. Studies have been carried out globally to verify their efficacy and some of the findings have led to the production of plant-based medicines. The global market value of medicinal plant products exceeds $100 billion per annum. This paper discusses the role, contributions and usefulness of medicinal plants in tackling the diseases of public health importance, with particular emphasis on the current strategic approaches to disease prevention. A comparison is drawn between the ‘whole population’ and ‘high-risk’ strategies. The usefulness of the common-factor approach as a method of engaging other health promoters in propagating the ideals of medicinal plants is highlighted. The place of medicinal plants in preventing common diseases is further examined under the five core principles of the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach. Medicinal plants play vital roles in disease prevention and their promotion and use fit into all existing prevention strategies. However, conscious efforts need to be made to properly identify, recognise and position medicinal plants in the design and implementation of these strategies. These approaches present interesting and emerging perspectives in the field of medicinal plants. Recommendations are proposed for strategising the future role and place for medicinal plants in disease prevention.

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The Role and Place of Medicinal Plants in the Strategies for Disease Prevention

Part 1: Introduction Plants in medicine: the origins of pharmacognosy The scope and practice of pharmacognosy Plant nomenclature and taxonomy Part 2: The plant and animal kingdoms as sources of drugs Biological and geographical sources of drugs A taxonomic approach to the study of medicinal plants and animal-derived drugs Pharmacological activities of natural products Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines Traditional plant medicines as a source of new drugs Discovering new lead compounds in pharmaceutical research and development Part 3: Principles related to the commercial production, quality and standardization of natural products Commerce in crude drugs Production of crude drugs Plant growth regulators Plant cell and tissue culture biological conversions clonal propagation Phytochemical variation within a species Deterioration of stored drugs Quality control Part 4: Phytochemistry General methods associated with the phytochemical investigation of herbal products Basic metabolic pathways and the origin of secondary metabolites Part 5: Pharmacopoeial and related drugs of biological origin Introduction Hydrocarbons and derivatives Carbohydrates Phenols and phenolic glycosides Volatile oils and resins Saponins, cardioactive drugs and other steroids Miscellaneous isoprenoids Cyanogenetic glycosides, glucoinolate compounds and miscellaneous glycosides Alkaloids The search for naturally-derived anticancer agents Antiprotozoal natural products An overview of drugs with antihepatotoxic and oral hypoglycaemic activities Antibacterial and antiviral drugs Vitamins and hormones The plant nutraceuticals Colouring and flavouring agents Miscellaneous products Part 6: Plants in complementary and traditional systems of medicine Introduction Herbal medicine in Britain and Europe: regulation and practice Asian medicine Chinese herbs in the West Plants in African traditional medicine - some perspectives Part 7: Nonmedicinal toxic plants and pesticides Hallucinogenic, allergenic, teratogenic and other toxic plants Pesticides of natural origins Part 8: Morphological and microscopical examination of drugs Plant description, morphology and anatomy Cell differentiation and ergastic cell contents Techniques in microscopy Index

Williams Charles Evans

Papers

Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy

Trease and Evans