This study describes and validates a new method for metagenomic biomarker discovery by way of class comparison, tests of biological consistency and effect size estimation. This addresses the challenge of finding organisms, genes, or pathways that consistently explain the differences between two or more microbial communities, which is a central problem to the study of metagenomics. We extensively validate our method on several microbiomes and a convenient online interface for the method is provided at http://huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/lefse/.

Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation

Human and veterinary antibiotics during composting of sludge or manure: Global perspectives on persistence, degradation, and resistance genes.

Enhanced in situ biodegradation of microplastics in sewage sludge using hyperthermophilic composting technology

The distinctive microbial community improves composting efficiency in a full-scale hyperthermophilic composting plant.

Hyperthermophilic composting accelerates the humification process of sewage sludge: Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter using EEM-PARAFAC and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy.

Composting is an efficient way to convert organic waste into fertilizers. However, waste materials often contain large amounts of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that can reduce the efficacy of antibiotic treatments when transmitted to humans. Because conventional composting often fails to remove these compounds, we evaluated if hyperthermophilic composting with elevated temperature is more efficient at removing ARGs and MGEs and explored the underlying mechanisms of ARG removal of the two composting methods. We found that hyperthermophilic composting removed ARGs and MGEs more efficiently than conventional composting (89% and 49%, respectively). Furthermore, the half-lives of ARGs and MGEs were lower in hyperthermophilic compositing compared to conventional composting (67% and 58%, respectively). More-efficient removal of ARGs and MGEs was associated with a higher reduction in bacterial abundance and diversity of potential ARG hosts. Partial least-squares path modeling suggested that reduction of MGEs played a key role in ARG removal in hyperthermophilic composting, while ARG reduction was mainly driven by changes in bacterial community composition under conventional composting. Together these results suggest that hyperthermophilic composting can significantly enhance the removal of ARGs and MGEs and that the mechanisms of ARG and MGE removal can depend on composting temperature.

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Hyperthermophilic Composting Accelerates the Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Mobile Genetic Elements in Sewage Sludge

Horizontal gene transfer and shifts in linked bacterial community composition are associated with maintenance of antibiotic resistance genes during food waste composting

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.021

Spontaneous immunomodulation and regulation of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by Sr/Cu-borosilicate glass (BSG) bone cement to repair critical bone defects

The invention discloses a high-temperature composting method without addition of auxiliary materials and adjustment of a carbon-nitrogen ratio. According to the method, fermented decomposed materials for high-temperature composting are adopted as backmixing materials to replace traditional straw auxiliary materials, the moisture content of the raw materials for fermentation is adjusted to be 50-60%, meanwhile, by adding an appropriate quantity of mixed microbial inocula which are low in C/N ratio and special for fermentation, the C/N ratio of the raw materials does not need to be adjusted additionally, and then high-temperature compost is conducted to obtain the decomposed materials of the high-temperature compost. The method can not only simplify the fermentation procedures of the compost and shorten the fermentation cycle, but remarkably reduce production costs. Through adoption of the high-temperature composting technique, organic waste including excrement of livestock and the like can reach the harmless hygienic standard GB 7959-1987 for excrement; after detection of relevant departments, the total nutrient of decomposed products meets the organic fertilizer demand NY 525-2012, and therefore the decomposed products can be used for production of organic fertilizer. Compared with traditional high-temperature composting techniques, by adopting the high-temperature composting technique, production cost can be reduced by 50 yuan per ton.

Xiaomei Lu

Papers

Hyperthermophilic Composting Accelerates the Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Mobile Genetic Elements in Sewage Sludge

Horizontal gene transfer and shifts in linked bacterial community composition are associated with maintenance of antibiotic resistance genes during food waste composting

Spontaneous immunomodulation and regulation of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by Sr/Cu-borosilicate glass (BSG) bone cement to repair critical bone defects

High-temperature composting method without addition of auxiliary materials and adjustment of carbon-nitrogen ratio