Showing papers by "Xiaoyuan Chen published in 2021"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the progress of supramolecular cancer nanotheranostics and provided guidance for designing new targeted theranostic agents based on extensive state-of-the-art research.
Abstract: Among the many challenges in medicine, the treatment and cure of cancer remains an outstanding goal given the complexity and diversity of the disease. Nanotheranostics, the integration of therapy and diagnosis in nanoformulations, is the next generation of personalized medicine to meet the challenges in precise cancer diagnosis, rational management and effective therapy, aiming to significantly increase the survival rate and improve the life quality of cancer patients. Different from most conventional platforms with unsatisfactory theranostic capabilities, supramolecular cancer nanotheranostics have unparalleled advantages in early-stage diagnosis and personal therapy, showing promising potential in clinical translations and applications. In this review, we summarize the progress of supramolecular cancer nanotheranostics and provide guidance for designing new targeted supramolecular theranostic agents. Based on extensive state-of-the-art research, our review will provide the existing and new researchers a foundation from which to advance supramolecular cancer nanotheranostics and promote translationally clinical applications.
188 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the state-of-the-art progress of fluorescent probes for visualizing pathophysiological microenvironments (viscosity, pH, and polarity), since 2016, as well as the future perspectives in this challenging field.
Abstract: Abnormal microenvironments (viscosity, polarity, pH, etc.) have been verified to be closely associated with numerous pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. As a result, deep insights into these pathophysiological microenvironments are particularly beneficial for clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, the monitoring of pathophysiological microenvironments is unattainable by the traditional clinical diagnostic techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. Recently, fluorescence imaging has shown tremendous advantages and potential in the tracing of pathophysiological microenvironment variations. In this context, a general discussion is provided on the state-of-the-art progress of fluorescent probes for visualizing pathophysiological microenvironments (viscosity, pH, and polarity), since 2016, as well as the future perspectives in this challenging field.
150 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review on the synthesis and properties of polyphenol-containing nanoparticles is provided in this article, where the remarkable versatility of poly phenolic hydroxyl group-containing organic molecules in different biomedical applications including biodetection, multimodal bioimaging, protein and gene delivery, bone repair, antibiosis, and cancer theranostics is also demonstrated.
Abstract: Polyphenols, the phenolic hydroxyl group-containing organic molecules, are widely found in natural plants and have shown beneficial effects on human health. Recently, polyphenol-containing nanoparticles have attracted extensive research attention due to their antioxidation property, anticancer activity, and universal adherent affinity, and thus have shown great promise in the preparation, stabilization, and modification of multifunctional nanoassemblies for bioimaging, therapeutic delivery, and other biomedical applications. Additionally, the metal-polyphenol networks, formed by the coordination interactions between polyphenols and metal ions, have been used to prepare an important class of polyphenol-containing nanoparticles for surface modification, bioimaging, drug delivery, and disease treatments. By focusing on the interactions between polyphenols and different materials (e.g., metal ions, inorganic materials, polymers, proteins, and nucleic acids), a comprehensive review on the synthesis and properties of the polyphenol-containing nanoparticles is provided. Moreover, the remarkable versatility of polyphenol-containing nanoparticles in different biomedical applications, including biodetection, multimodal bioimaging, protein and gene delivery, bone repair, antibiosis, and cancer theranostics is also demonstrated. Finally, the challenges faced by future research regarding the polyphenol-containing nanoparticles are discussed.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors systematically introduce reinforcement strategies, from their basic working principles, reinforcement mechanisms to their representative clinical applications, including how to integrate these emerging Fenton reinforcement strategies for accelerating the development of multimodal anticancer therapy, as well as the synergistic mechanisms of ECDT and other treatment methods.
Abstract: Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) uses the tumor microenvironment-assisted intratumoral Fenton reaction for generating highly toxic hydroxyl free radicals (•OH) to achieve selective tumor treatment. However, the limited intratumoral Fenton reaction efficiency restricts the therapeutic efficacy of CDT. Recent years have witnessed the impressive development of various strategies to increase the efficiency of intratumoral Fenton reaction. The introduction of these reinforcement strategies can dramatically improve the treatment efficiency of CDT and further promote the development of enhanced CDT (ECDT)-based multimodal anticancer treatments. In this review, the authors systematically introduce these reinforcement strategies, from their basic working principles, reinforcement mechanisms to their representative clinical applications. Then, ECDT-based multimodal anticancer therapy is discussed, including how to integrate these emerging Fenton reinforcement strategies for accelerating the development of multimodal anticancer therapy, as well as the synergistic mechanisms of ECDT and other treatment methods. Eventually, future direction and challenges of ECDT and ECDT-based multimodal synergistic therapies are elaborated, highlighting the key scientific problems and unsolved technical bottlenecks to facilitate clinical translation.
127 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the strategies used to improve CDT performance, including the increased production, accelerated generation, and enhanced efficacy of hydroxyl radicals, is provided to stimulate the development of non-invasive and efficacious CDT techniques.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a supramolecular nanoparticle via a simple one-step polymerization-induced self-assembly process using platinum (IV) complex-modified β-cyclodextrin-ferrocene conjugates as supramolescular monomers was developed.
Abstract: The clinical application of chemodynamic therapy is impeded by the insufficient intracellular H 2 O 2 level in tumour tissues. Herein, we developed a supramolecular nanoparticle via a simple one-step supramolecular polymerization-induced self-assembly process using platinum (IV) complex-modified β-cyclodextrin-ferrocene conjugates as supramolecular monomers. The supramolecular nanoparticles could dissociate rapidly upon exposure to endogenous H 2 O 2 in the tumour and release hydroxyl radicals as well as platinum (IV) prodrugs in situ , which is reduced into cisplatin to significantly promote the generation of H 2 O 2 in the tumour tissue. Thus, the supramolecular nanomedicine overcomes the limitation of conventional chemodynamic therapy via the self-augmented cascade radical generation and drug release. In addition, the dissociated supramolecular nanoparticles could be readily excreted from the body via renal clearance to effectively avoid systemic toxicity and ensure long term biocompatibility of the nanomedicine. This work may provide new insights on the design and development of novel supramolecular nanoassemblies for cascade chemo/chemodynamic therapy.
107 citations
TL;DR: The recent progresses of cancer treatment based on pyroptosis induced by nanoparticles will be described in detail, the design highlights and the therapeutic advantages are emphasized, and finally future perspectives on this emerging area are proposed.
Abstract: Pyroptosis, a unique form of programmed cell death (PCD) that is characterized by DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, cellular swelling with big bubbles, and leakage of cell content, has been proven to have a close relationship with human diseases, such as inflammatory diseases and malignant tumors. Since a new gasdermin-D (GSDMD) protein was identified in 2015, various strategies have been developed to induce pyroptosis for cancer therapy, including ions, small-molecule drugs and nanomaterials. Although there are a number of reviews about the close relationship between the pyroptosis mechanism and the occurrence of various cancers, a summary covering recent progress in the field of nanomedicines in pyroptosis-based cancer therapy has not yet been presented. Therefore, it is urgent to fill this gap and light up future directions for the use of this powerful tool to combat cancer. In this Minireview, recent progress in cancer treatment based on pyroptosis induced by nanoparticles will be described in detail, the design highlights and the therapeutic advantages are emphasized, and future perspectives in this emerging area are proposed.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive drug delivery system and the authors assess their pre-clinical applications, in the form of a systematic review.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid semiconducting organosilica-based O2 nanoeconomizer pHPFON-NO/O2 was developed to combat tumor hypoxia.
Abstract: The outcome of radiotherapy is significantly restricted by tumor hypoxia. To overcome this obstacle, one prevalent solution is to increase intratumoral oxygen supply. However, its effectiveness is often limited by the high metabolic demand for O2 by cancer cells. Herein, we develop a hybrid semiconducting organosilica-based O2 nanoeconomizer pHPFON-NO/O2 to combat tumor hypoxia. Our solution is twofold: first, the pHPFON-NO/O2 interacts with the acidic tumor microenvironment to release NO for endogenous O2 conservation; second, it releases O2 in response to mild photothermal effect to enable exogenous O2 infusion. Additionally, the photothermal effect can be increased to eradicate tumor residues with radioresistant properties due to other factors. This "reducing expenditure of O2 and broadening sources" strategy significantly alleviates tumor hypoxia in multiple ways, greatly enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy both in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrates the synergy between on-demand temperature-controlled photothermal and oxygen-elevated radiotherapy for complete tumor response.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an effective protocol for the isolation of extracellular vesicles from milk (mEVs) and discovered that mEVs contained large amounts of immune-active proteins and modulated the gut immunity and microbiota in healthy mice.
Abstract: Rationale: Bovine milk constitutes an essential part of human diet, especially for children, due to its enrichment of various nutrients. We recently developed an effective protocol for the isolation of extracellular vesicles from milk (mEVs) and discovered that mEVs contained large amounts of immune-active proteins and modulated the gut immunity and microbiota in healthy mice. Here, we aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of mEVs on inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: MicroRNAs and protein content in mEVs were analyzed by RNA sequencing and proteomics, respectively, followed by functional annotation. Ulcerative colitis (UC) was induced by feeding mice with dextran sulfate sodium. Intestinal immune cell populations were phenotyped by flow cytometry, and the gut microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: We showed that abundant proteins and microRNAs in mEVs were involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory pathways and that oral administration of mEVs prevented colon shortening, reduced intestinal epithelium disruption, inhibited infiltration of inflammatory cells and tissue fibrosis in a mouse UC model. Mechanistically, mEVs attenuated inflammatory response via inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, mEVs were able to correct cytokine production disorder and restore the balance between T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and interleukin-10+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in the inflamed colon. The disturbed gut microbiota in UC was also partially recovered upon treatment with mEVs. The correlation between the gut microbiota and cytokines suggests that mEVs may modulate intestinal immunity via influencing the gut microbiota. Conclusions: These findings reveal that mEVs alleviate colitis by regulating intestinal immune homeostasis via inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways, restoring Treg/Th17 cell balance, and reshaping the gut microbiota.
61 citations
TL;DR: This hypoxia‐responsive nanoplatform presents a potential strategy for both local tumor treatment and long‐term protection against tumor recurrence, and the modulation of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment facilitates a long‐lasting immunological memory effect to prevent tumorRecurrence and metastasis.
TL;DR: In this article, three boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes are synthesized to demonstrate that anthracence-functionalized BODIPy, namely ABDPTPA, is an efficient heavy-atom-free photosensitizer for the reversible capture and release of 1 O2.
Abstract: Improving singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) lifespan by fractionated delivery in dark and hypoxic conditions is a better way to achieve enhanced phototherapeutic efficacy. Herein, three boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes are synthesized to demonstrate that anthracence-functionalized BODIPY, namely ABDPTPA is an efficient heavy-atom-free photosensitizer for the reversible capture and release of 1 O2 . The spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing of ABDPTPA promises a high 1 O2 quantum yield of 60% in dichloromethane. Under light irradiation, the anthracene group reacts with 1 O2 to produce endoperoxide. Interestingly, after termination of irradiation, the endoperoxide undergoes thermal cycloreversion to produce 1 O2 , and regenerates the anthracene module to achieve 1 O2 "afterglow," which results in a prolonged half lifetime of 1 O2 for 9.2 min. In vitro cytotoxicity assays indicate that ABDPTPA nanoparticles have a low half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of 3.6 µg mL-1 on U87MG cells. Further, the results of near-infrared-II fluorescence-imaging-guided phototherapy indicate that ABDPTPA nanoparticles can inhibit tumor proliferation even at a low dose (200 µg mL-1 , 100 µL) without any side effects. Therefore, the study provides a generalized 1 O2 "afterglow" strategy to enhance phototheranostics for complete tumor regression.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present various methods to synthesize NIR Ag2S QDs, and systematically discuss their applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and theranostics.
Abstract: Quantum dots (QDs) with near-infrared fluorescence (NIR) are an emerging class of QDs with unique capabilities owing to the deeper tissue penetrability of NIR light compared with visible light. NIR light also effectively overcomes organism autofluorescence, making NIR QDs particularly attractive in biological imaging applications for disease diagnosis. Considering latest developments, Ag2 S QDs are a rising star among NIR QDs due to their excellent NIR fluorescence properties and biocompatibility. This review presents the various methods to synthesize NIR Ag2 S QDs, and systematically discusses their applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and theranostics. Major challenges and future perspectives concerning the synthesis and bioapplications of NIR Ag2 S QDs are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a catalytic microenvironment-tailored nanoreactor (CMTN) was constructed by encapsulating MoO 4 2- catalyst and alkaline sodium carbonate within liposomes.
Abstract: Singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) has a potent anticancer effect, but photosensitized generation of 1 O 2 is inhibited by tumor hypoxia and limited light penetration depth. Despite the potential of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) to circumvent these issues by exploration of 1 O 2 -producing catalysts, engineering efficient CDT agents is still a formidable challenge since most catalysts require specific pH to function and become inactivated upon chelation by glutathione (GSH). Herein, we present a catalytic microenvironment-tailored nanoreactor (CMTN), constructed by encapsulating MoO 4 2- catalyst and alkaline sodium carbonate within liposomes, which offers a favorable pH condition for MoO 4 2- -catalyzed generation of 1 O 2 from H 2 O 2 and protects MoO 4 2- from GSH chelation due to the impermeability of liposomal lipid membrane to ions and GSH. Importantly, H 2 O 2 and 1 O 2 can freely cross liposomal membrane, allowing the CMTN with a built-in NIR-II ratiometric fluorescent 1 O 2 sensor to achieve monitored tumor CDT.
TL;DR: In vitro and in vivo results confirmed ROS generation, triggered drug release behavior, and potent antitumor effect of the DOX‐RPS and this photodynamic‐chemodynamic cascade strategy provides a promising approach for enhanced combination therapy.
Abstract: Nanomedicines with photodynamic therapy and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered drug release capabilities are promising for cancer therapy. However, most of the nanomedicines based on ROS-responsive nanocarriers still suffer from serious ROS consumption during the triggered drug release process. Herein, a photodynamic-chemodynamic cascade strategy for the design of drug delivery nanosystem is proposed. A doxorubicin hydrochloride-loaded ROS-responsive polymersome (DOX-RPS) is prepared via the self-assembly of amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(linoleic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol)-(2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-α)-iron chelate (PEG-HPPH-Fe). The RPS can effectively deliver a drug to tumor site through passive targeting effect. Upon laser irradiation, the photosensitizer HPPH can efficiently generate ROS, which further causes in situ oxidation of linoleic acid chain and subsequent RPS structural destruction, permitting triggered drug release. Intriguingly, catalyzed by HPPH-Fe, ROS will be regenerated from linoleic acid peroxide through a chemodynamic process. Therefore, ROS-triggered drug release can be achieved without ROS over-consumption. The in vitro and in vivo results confirmed ROS generation, triggered drug release behavior, and potent antitumor effect of the DOX-RPS. This photodynamic-chemodynamic cascade strategy provides a promising approach for enhanced combination therapy.
01 Mar 2021
TL;DR: Xdynamic therapies (X = sono, radio, microwave, chemo, thermo, and electro) have shown good potential to overcome the drawbacks of photodynamic therapy.
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related therapeutic approaches are developed as a promising modality for cancer treatment because the aberrant increase of intracellular ROS level can cause cell death due to nonspecific oxidation damage to key cellular biomolecules. However, the most widely considered strategy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), suffers from critical limitations such as limited tissue-penetration depth, high oxygen dependence, and phototoxicity. Non-photo-induced ROS generation strategies, which are defined as Xdynamic therapies (X = sono, radio, microwave, chemo, thermo, and electro), show good potential to overcome the drawbacks of PDT. Herein, recent advances in the development of Xdynamic therapies, including the design of systems, the working mechanisms, and examples of cancer therapy application, are introduced. Furthermore, the approaches to enhance treatment efficiency of Xdynamic therapy are highlighted. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of these strategies are also discussed.
TL;DR: This review outlines a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recently reported studies on in vitro and in vivo assembly/disassembly and biomedical applications of plasmonic NPs, wherein stimuli such as enzymes, light, pH, redox potential, temperature, metal ions, magnetic or electric field, and/or multi-stimuli were involved.
TL;DR: In this article, genetically programmable fusion cellular vesicles (Fus-CVs) displaying high-affinity SIRPα variants and PD-1 can activate potent antitumor immunity through both innate and adaptive immune effectors.
Abstract: Herein, we report that genetically programmable fusion cellular vesicles (Fus-CVs) displaying high-affinity SIRPα variants and PD-1 can activate potent antitumor immunity through both innate and adaptive immune effectors. Dual-blockade of CD47 and PD-L1 with Fus-CVs significantly increases the phagocytosis of cancer cells by macrophages, promotes antigen presentation, and activates antitumor T-cell immunity. Moreover, the bispecific targeting design of Fus-CVs ensures better targeting on tumor cells, but less on other cells, which reduces systemic side effects and enhances therapeutic efficacies. In malignant melanoma and mammary carcinoma models, we demonstrate that Fus-CVs significantly improve overall survival of model animals by inhibiting post-surgery tumor recurrence and metastasis. The Fus-CVs are suitable for protein display by genetic engineering. These advantages, integrated with other unique properties inherited from source cells, make Fus-CVs an attractive platform for multi-targeting immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
TL;DR: In this paper, a hypoxia-responsive nanovesicle (hMVs) was used as delivery vehicle of a sonosensitizer to enhance the efficacy of SDT via specific payload release and local oxygenation in the tumor.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the importance and advantages of DNA for programming and fabricating of DNA nanostructures, including DNA conjugated nanoparticle systems, DNA-based clusters and extended organizations, and DNA origami-templated assemblies.
Abstract: DNA is not only a carrier of genetic information, but also a versatile structural tool for the engineering and self-assembling of nanostructures. In this regard, the DNA template has dramatically enhanced the scalability, programmability, and functionality of the self-assembled DNA nanostructures. These capabilities provide opportunities for a wide range of biomedical applications in biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and disease therapy. In this review, the importance and advantages of DNA for programming and fabricating of DNA nanostructures are first highlighted. The recent progress in design and construction of DNA nanostructures are then summarized, including DNA conjugated nanoparticle systems, DNA-based clusters and extended organizations, and DNA origami-templated assemblies. An overview on biomedical applications of the self-assembled DNA nanostructures is provided. Finally, the conclusion and perspectives on the self-assembled DNA nanostructures are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, potential mechanisms of COVID-19 cytokine storm are first discussed, and relevant therapeutic strategies and ongoing clinical trials are then reviewed, and recent research involving emerging biomaterials for improving antibody-based and broad-spectrum cytokine neutralization is summarized.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused great impact on the global economy and people's daily life. In the clinic, most patients with COVID-19 show none or mild symptoms, while approximately 20% of them develop severe pneumonia, multiple organ failure, or septic shock due to infection-induced cytokine release syndrome (the so-called "cytokine storm"). Neutralizing antibodies targeting inflammatory cytokines may potentially curb immunopathology caused by COVID-19; however, the complexity of cytokine interactions and the multiplicity of cytokine targets make attenuating the cytokine storm challenging. Nonspecific in vivo biodistribution and dose-limiting side effects further limit the broad application of those free antibodies. Recent advances in biomaterials and nanotechnology have offered many promising opportunities for infectious and inflammatory diseases. Here, potential mechanisms of COVID-19 cytokine storm are first discussed, and relevant therapeutic strategies and ongoing clinical trials are then reviewed. Furthermore, recent research involving emerging biomaterials for improving antibody-based and broad-spectrum cytokine neutralization is summarized. It is anticipated that this work will provide insights on the development of novel therapeutics toward efficacious management of COVID-19 cytokine storm and other inflammatory diseases.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the smart use of core/shell Fe3O4/Gd2O3 (FG) hybrid nanoparticles as a gatekeeper to block the pores of hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles, which can yield an unreported large loading content (up to 20.4%) of DOX.
Abstract: Hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (HMONs) are widely considered as a promising drug nanocarrier, but the loaded drugs can easily leak from HMONs, resulting in the considerably decreased drug loading capacity and increased biosafety risk. This study reports the smart use of core/shell Fe3O4/Gd2O3 (FG) hybrid nanoparticles as a gatekeeper to block the pores of HMONs, which can yield an unreported large loading content (up to 20.4%) of DOX. The conjugation of RGD dimer (R2) onto the DOX-loaded HMON with FG capping (D@HMON@FG@R2) allowed for active tumor-targeted delivery. The aggregated FG in D@HMON@FG@R2 could darken the normal tissue surrounding the tumor due to the high r2 value (253.7 mM-1 s-1) and high r2/r1 ratio (19.13), and the intratumorally released FG as a result of reducibility-triggered HMON degradation could brighten the tumor because of the high r1 value (20.1 mM-1 s-1) and low r2/r1 ratio (7.01), which contributed to high contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for guiding highly efficient tumor-specific DOX release and chemotherapy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the identical chemical nature of Sb and Bi, being semimetals, provides their derived nanoparticles with inherent multifunction for near-infrared laser-driven and/or X-ray-based cancer imaging and therapy as well as some other imparted functions.
Abstract: Innovative multifunctional nanomaterials have attracted tremendous interest in current research by facilitating simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy. Among them, antimony (Sb)- and bismuth (Bi)-based nanoparticles are important species with multifunction to boost cancer theranostic efficacy. Despite the rapid development, the extensive previous work treated Sb- and Bi-based nanoparticles as mutually independent species, and therefore a thorough understanding of their relationship in cancer theranostics was lacking. We propose here that the identical chemical nature of Sb and Bi, being semimetals, provides their derived nanoparticles with inherent multifunction for near-infrared laser-driven and/or X-ray-based cancer imaging and therapy as well as some other imparted functions. An overview of recent progress on Sb- and Bi-based nanoparticles for cancer theranostics is provided to highlight the relationship between chemical nature and multifunction. The understanding of Sb- and Bi-based nanoparticles in this way might shed light on the further design of smart multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer theranostics.
01 Apr 2021
TL;DR: The various approaches and applications for EV coating of nanoparticles, a majority of which focus on cancer applications, are described and an overview of commonly used EV sources for nanoparticle coating applications is provided.
Abstract: Synthetic nanoparticles have been used for a variety of theranostic applications to aid in the betterment of human health. These nanoparticles can provide platforms for targeted imaging and therapy of diseased tissues. The development of surface coatings for nanoparticles has enabled their selective uptake in tissues of interest, and the use of membrane‐derived nanoparticle coatings provides a particularly promising approach for the regulation of nanoparticle‐tissue interactions. Membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells have been known to contain antigens, proteins, and other cell components on their surface that facilitate their uptake in target cells, enabling the transport of information from one cell to another. EV‐based nanoparticle coatings allow for the expansion of nanoparticle targeting from typical approaches that target individual antigens, to an approach that can simultaneously target many antigens for more efficient uptake within target cells. EV‐derived coatings also possess immune evasive properties that can lead to increased circulation time. In this mini‐review, we describe the various approaches and applications for EV coating of nanoparticles, a majority of which focus on cancer applications. We also provide an overview of commonly used EV sources for nanoparticle coating applications.
TL;DR: This mini review highlights the recent advances in the development of supramolecular coordination complexes as diagnostic and therapeutic agents, showing promising potentials for precise cancer theranostics and searching sophisticated coordination ligands and nanoformulations that can potentially solve the issues faced by current metal-based drugs.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of micro-and nanomaterials in the improvement of multiplexed biodetection strategies is discussed and analyzed, and available solutions made possible by designing and controlling the properties of micro and nano-materials are introduced.
Abstract: When analyzing biological phenomena and processes, multiplexed biodetection has many advantages over single-factor biodetection and is highly relevant to both human health issues and advancements in the life sciences. However, many key problems with current multiplexed biodetection strategies remain unresolved. Herein, the main issues are analyzed and summarized: 1) generating sufficient signal to label targets, 2) improving the signal-to-noise ratio to ensure total detection sensitivity, and 3) simplifying the detection process to reduce the time and labor costs of multiple target detection. Then, available solutions made possible by designing and controlling the properties of micro- and nanomaterials are introduced. The aim is to emphasize the role that micro-/nanomaterials can play in the improvement of multiplexed biodetection strategies. Through analyzing existing problems, introducing state-of-the-art developments regarding relevant materials, and discussing future directions of the field, it is hopeful to help promote necessary developments in multiplexed biodetection and associated scientific research.
TL;DR: A pair of enantiomeric alkynyl-protected L/D-Au10(C13H17O5)10 nanoclusters with strong chirality are prepared and applied as radiosensitizers and exhibit better radiosensitization effect in vitro, which is confirmed by research on mechanisms including reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst mediated DNA breakage, cell cycle arrest and up-regulation of apoptotic protein expression.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of SSTR2 as a molecular target for the imaging and treatment of thyroid cancer through analysis of Sstr2 expression and its epigenetic modulation and testing tumor uptake of different radiolabeled SST2 analogues.
Abstract: Purpose: The goal of this study was to analyze the role of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) as a molecular target for the imaging and treatment of thyroid cancer through analysis of SSTR2 expression and its epigenetic modulation and testing tumor uptake of different radiolabeled SSTR2 analogues. Experimental Design: We analyzed SSTR2 expression by immunostaining of 92 thyroid cancer tissue samples and quantified standard uptake values (SUVmax) of SSTR2 analogue, 68Ga-DOTA-TATE, by PET/CT imaging in 25 patients with metastatic thyroid cancer. We utilized human thyroid cancer cell lines characterized by differential SSTR2 expression (TT, BCPAP, and FTC133) and rat pancreatic cell line (AR42J) with intrinsically high SSTR2 expression for functional in vitro studies. SSTR2-high (AR42J) and SSTR2-low (FTC133) xenograft mouse models were used to test the uptake of radiolabeled SSTR2 analogues and their therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Results: Thyroid cancer had a higher SSTR2 expression than normal thyroid. Hurthle cell thyroid cancer was characterized by the highest 68Ga-DOTA-TATE uptake [median SUVmax, 16.5 (7.9–29)] than other types of thyroid cancers. In vivo studies demonstrated that radiolabeled DOTA-EB-TATE is characterized by significantly higher tumor uptake than DOTA-TATE (P Conclusions: A novel SST analogue, 177Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE, has the potential to be translated from bench to bedside for the targeted therapy of patients characterized by high uptake of SST analogues in metastatic lesions.