Xiaoyuan Chen

Bio: Xiaoyuan Chen is an academic researcher from National University of Singapore. The author has contributed to research in topics: Physics & Photothermal therapy. The author has an hindex of 149, co-authored 994 publications receiving 89870 citations. Previous affiliations of Xiaoyuan Chen include Brown University & University of Southern California.

Longitudinal PET imaging of muscular inflammation using 18F-DPA-714 and 18F-Alfatide II and differentiation with tumors

Abstract: Aim: 18F-DPA-714 is a PET tracer that recognizes macrophage translocator protein (TSPO), and 18F-Alfatide II (18F-AlF-NOTA-E[PEG4-c(RGDfk)]2) is specific for integrin αvβ3. This study aims to apply these two tracers for longitudinal PET imaging of muscular inflammation, and evaluate the value of 18F-DPA-714 in differentiating inflammation from tumor. Methods: RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells were used for cell uptake analysis of 18F-DPA-714. A mouse hind limb muscular inflammation model was established by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil. For the inflammation model, PET imaging was performed at different days using 18F-DPA-714 and 18F-Alfatide II. The specificity of the imaging probes was tested by co- or pre-injection of PK11195 or unlabeled RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptide. PET imaging using 18F-DPA-714 was performed in A549, HT29, U87MG, INS-1, and 4T1 xenograft models. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate infiltrated macrophages and angiogenesis in inflammation and/or tumors. Results: Uptake of 18F-DPA-714 in RAW264.7 cells was 45.5% at 1 h after incubation, and could be blocked by PK11195. PET imaging showed increased 18F-DPA-714 and 18F-Alfatide II uptake at inflammatory muscles. Peak uptake of 18F-DPA-714 was seen on day 6 (4.02 ± 0.64 %ID/g), and peak uptake of 18F-Alfatide II was shown on day 12 (1.87 ± 0.35 %ID/g) at 1 h p.i.. Tracer uptakes could be inhibited by PK11195 for 18F-DPA-714 or cold RGD for 18F-Alfatide II. Moreover, macrophage depletion with liposomal clodronate also reduced the local accumulation of both tracers. A549, HT29, U87MG, INS-1, and 4T1 tumor uptakes of 18F-DPA-714 (0.46 ± 0.28, 0.91 ± 0.08, 1.69 ± 0.67, 1.13 ± 0.33, 1.22 ± 0.55 %ID/g at 1 h p.i., respectively) were significantly lower than inflammation uptake (All P < 0.05). Conclusion: PET imaging using 18F-DPA-714 as a TSPO targeting tracer could evaluate the dynamics of macrophage activation and infiltration in different stages of inflammatory diseases. The concomitant longitudinal PET imaging with both 18F-DPA-714 and 18F-Alfatide II matched the causal relationship between macrophage infiltration and angiogenesis. Moreover, we found 18F-DPA-714 uptake in several types of tumors is significantly lower than that in inflammatory muscles, suggesting 18F-DPA-714 PET has the potential for better differentiation of tumor and non-tumor inflammation.

Quantum Dot-Dye Conjugates for Biosensing, Imaging, and Therapy.

Abstract: Adding value to the intrinsic properties of quantum dots (QDs), a strategy to conjugate dyes on the surface of QDs offers new opportunities, since the coupling between QD and dyes can be designed to allow Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and/or electron transfer (eT). These processes are accompanied by the change of QD and/or dye fluorescence and subsequent photochemical reactions (e.g., generation of 1 O2 ). Based on the change of fluorescence signals by the interaction with biomolecules, QD-dye conjugates are exploited as biosensors for the detection of pH, O2 , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), ions, proteases, glutathione, and microRNA. QD-dye conjugates also can be modulated by the irradiation of external light; this concept is demonstrated for fluorescence super-resolution imaging as photoactivatable or photoswitchable probes. When QDs are conjugated with photosensitizing dyes, the QD-dye conjugates can generate 1 O2 in a repetitive manner for better cancer treatment, and can also be available for approaches using two-photon excitation or bioluminescence resonance energy transfer mechanisms for deep tissue imaging. Here, the recent advances in QD-dye conjugates, where FRET or eT produces fluorescence readouts or photochemical reactions, are reviewed. Various QD-dye conjugate systems and their biosensing/imaging and photodynamic therapeutics are summarized.

Gadolinium embedded iron oxide nanoclusters as T1-T2 dual-modal MRI-visible vectors for safe and efficient siRNA delivery

Abstract: This report illustrates a new strategy of designing a T1–T2 dual-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-visible vector for siRNA delivery and MRI. Hydrophobic gadolinium embedded iron oxide (GdIO) nanocrystals are self-assembled into nanoclusters in the water phase with the help of stearic acid modified low molecular weight polyethylenimine (stPEI). The resulting water-dispersible GdIO–stPEI nanoclusters possess good stability, monodispersity with narrow size distribution and competitive T1–T2 dual-modal MR imaging properties. The nanocomposite system is capable of binding and delivering siRNA for knockdown of a gene of interest while maintaining its magnetic properties and biocompatibility. This new gadolinium embedded iron oxide nanocluster provides an important platform for safe and efficient gene delivery with non-invasive T1–T2 dual-modal MRI monitoring capability.

68Ga-NOTA-Aca-BBN(7-14) PET/CT in Healthy Volunteers and Glioma Patients

Abstract: 9 Objectives Hybrid positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) using dual-tracer N13-NH3/18F-FDG PET and simultaneous late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) MRI enables quantification of myocardial viability and scar tissue. The goal of this study was an intra-individual comparison of perfusion defect size, scar size and hibernating myocardium on PET with infarct size and transmurality scores determined from MR-LGE images. Methods Thirteen patients (mean age 65 ± 13 years) with ischemic heart disease underwent a cardiac PET/MR examination with LGE. A 20 min dynamic N13-NH3 scan (750 ± 230MBq) was followed by a list mode F18-FDG (310 ± 92 MBq) scan for up to 40 min. Using a 17 segment model, the extent of post ischemic scaring throughout the myocardium was visually determined on MR-LGE images using a 4-point scale (0: no scar, 1: transmurality 50%, 3: transmurality 100%), whereas myocardial viability and perfusion were determined in each segment from gated F18-FDG and N13-NH3 PET images, respectively and hibernation was defined in each segment by the metabolism-perfusion mismatch. MRI-summed scar score (MR-SSS) as well as NH3-summed perfusion score (NH3-SPS), FDG-summed scar score (FDG-SSS) and Hibernation score were calculated from the sum of each score in each segment. Results NH3-SSS (r = 0.78, P Conclusions Good correlation was found between myocardial transmurality estimated from MR-LGE and the degree of tissue perfusion and metabolism obtained from N13-NH3 and F18-FDG PET. No association was found between LGE-MRI and the degree of hibernation, thus, indicating different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms between transmurality of scar tissue and hibernation.

I and i

Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes.

Abstract: The interest in nanoscale materials stems from the fact that new properties are acquired at this length scale and, equally important, that these properties * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone, 404-8940292; fax, 404-894-0294; e-mail, mostafa.el-sayed@ chemistry.gatech.edu. † Case Western Reserve UniversitysMillis 2258. ‡ Phone, 216-368-5918; fax, 216-368-3006; e-mail, burda@case.edu. § Georgia Institute of Technology. 1025 Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1025−1102