Xiaoyuan Chen

Bio: Xiaoyuan Chen is an academic researcher from National University of Singapore. The author has contributed to research in topics: Physics & Photothermal therapy. The author has an hindex of 149, co-authored 994 publications receiving 89870 citations. Previous affiliations of Xiaoyuan Chen include Brown University & University of Southern California.

Structural and functional photoacoustic molecular tomography aided by emerging contrast agents.

Abstract: Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) can offer structural, functional and molecular contrasts at scalable observation level. By ultrasonically overcoming the strong optical scattering, this imaging technology can reach centimeters penetration depth while retaining high spatial resolution in biological tissue. Recent extensive research has been focused on developing new contrast agents to improve the imaging sensitivity, specificity and efficiency. These emerging materials have substantially accelerated PAT applications in signal sensing, functional imaging, biomarker labeling and therapy monitoring etc. Here, the potentials of different optical probes as PAT contrast agents were elucidated. We first describe the instrumental embodiments and the measured functional parameters, then focus on emerging contrast agent-based PAT applications, and finally discuss the challenges and prospects.

Improved Measurement of Electron Antineutrino Disappearance at Daya Bay

Abstract: We report an improved measurement of the neutrino mixing angle $\theta_{13}$ from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. We exclude a zero value for $\sin^22\theta_{13}$ with a significance of 7.7 standard deviations. Electron antineutrinos from six reactors of 2.9 GW$_{\rm th}$ were detected in six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (flux-weighted baselines of 470 m and 576 m) and one far (1648 m) underground experimental halls. Using 139 days of data, 28909 (205308) electron antineutrino candidates were detected at the far hall (near halls). The ratio of the observed to the expected number of antineutrinos assuming no oscillations at the far hall is $0.944\pm 0.007({\rm stat.}) \pm 0.003({\rm syst.})$. An analysis of the relative rates in six detectors finds $\sin^22\theta_{13}=0.089\pm 0.010({\rm stat.})\pm0.005({\rm syst.})$ in a three-neutrino framework.

Effect of Injection Routes on the Biodistribution, Clearance, and Tumor Uptake of Carbon Dots

Abstract: The emergence of photoluminescent carbon-based nanomaterials has shown exciting potential in the development of benign nanoprobes. However, the in vivo kinetic behaviors of these particles that are necessary for clinical translation are poorly understood to date. In this study, fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized and the effect of three injection routes on their fate in vivo was explored by using both near-infrared fluorescence and positron emission tomography imaging techniques. We found that C-dots are efficiently and rapidly excreted from the body after all three injection routes. The clearance rate of C-dots is ranked as intravenous > intramuscular > subcutaneous. The particles had relatively low retention in the reticuloendothelial system and showed high tumor-to-background contrast. Furthermore, different injection routes also resulted in different blood clearance patterns and tumor uptakes of C-dots. These results satisfy the need for clinical translation and should promote efforts to...

Sequential Drug Release and Enhanced Photothermal and Photoacoustic Effect of Hybrid Reduced Graphene Oxide-Loaded Ultrasmall Gold Nanorod Vesicles for Cancer Therapy.

Abstract: We report a hybrid reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-loaded ultrasmall plasmonic gold nanorod vesicle (rGO-AuNRVe) (∼65 nm in size) with remarkably amplified photoacoustic (PA) performance and photothermal effects. The hybrid vesicle also exhibits a high loading capacity of doxorubicin (DOX), as both the cavity of the vesicle and the large surface area of the encapsulated rGO can be used for loading DOX, making it an excellent drug carrier. The loaded DOX is released sequentially: near-infrared photothermal heating induces DOX release from the vesicular cavity, and an intracellular acidic environment induces DOX release from the rGO surface. Positron emission tomography imaging showed high passive U87MG tumor accumulation of 64Cu-labeled rGO-AuNRVes (∼9.7% ID/g at 24 h postinjection) and strong PA signal in the tumor region. Single intravenous injection of rGO-AuNRVe-DOX followed by low-power-density 808 nm laser irradiation (0.25 W/cm2) revealed effective inhibition of tumor growth due to the combination of c...

Biomineralization-Inspired Synthesis of Copper Sulfide-Ferritin Nanocages as Cancer Theranostics.

Abstract: It is essential to control the size and morphology of nanoparticles strictly in nanomedicine. Protein cages offer significant potential for templated synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles. In this study, we successfully synthesized ultrasmall copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles inside the cavity of ferritin (Fn) nanocages by a biomimetic synthesis method. The uniform CuS–Fn nanocages (CuS–Fn NCs) showed strong near-infrared absorbance and high photothermal conversion efficiency. In quantitative ratiometric photoacoustic imaging (PAI), the CuS–Fn NCs exhibited superior photoacoustic tomography improvements for real-time in vivo PAI of entire tumors. With the incorporation of radionuclide 64Cu, 64CuS–Fn NCs also served as an excellent PET imaging agent with higher tumor accumulation compared to free copper. Following the guidance of PAI and PET, CuS–Fn NCs were applied in photothermal therapy to achieve superior cancer therapeutic efficiency with good biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. The results de...

I and i

Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes.

Abstract: The interest in nanoscale materials stems from the fact that new properties are acquired at this length scale and, equally important, that these properties * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone, 404-8940292; fax, 404-894-0294; e-mail, mostafa.el-sayed@ chemistry.gatech.edu. † Case Western Reserve UniversitysMillis 2258. ‡ Phone, 216-368-5918; fax, 216-368-3006; e-mail, burda@case.edu. § Georgia Institute of Technology. 1025 Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1025−1102