Y. Hamaishi

Bio: Y. Hamaishi is an academic researcher from University of Tokyo. The author has contributed to research in topics: Interferometry & Tomography. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 5 publications receiving 867 citations.

Demonstration of X-Ray Talbot Interferometry

Abstract: First Talbot interferometry in the hard X-ray region was demonstrated using a pair of transmission gratings made by forming gold stripes on glass plates. By aligning the gratings on the optical axis of X-rays with a separation that caused the Talbot effect by the first grating, moire fringes were produced inclining one grating slightly against the other around the optical axis. A phase object placed in front of the first grating was detected by moire-fringe bending. Using the technique of phase-shifting interferometry, the differential phase corresponding to the phase object could also be measured. This result suggests that X-ray Talbot interferometry is a novel and simple method for phase-sensitive X-ray radiography.

Phase Tomography Using Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging

Abstract: Phase tomography using diffraction‐enhanced imaging (DEI) is presented with the observation of a phantom consisting of polyvinyl‐chloride tubes and water. The boundary between the tube and water was successfully differentiated in a resultant tomographic image obtained with 0.06‐nm synchrotron X rays. The sensitivity of this method is discussed in comparison with an image obtained by conventional X‐ray tomography. The spatial and density resolutions achieved by the phase tomography are also discussed.

Phase-contrast microtomography using an X-ray interferometer having a 40-μm analyzer

Abstract: Phase-contrast X-ray tomographic experiment using a triple Laue-case (LLL) interferometer having a 40-μm lamella, which was fabricated to improve spatial resolution, was carried out using undulator X-rays at SPring-8, Japan. Three-dimensional images mapping the refractive index were measured for various animal tissues. Comparing the images with those obtained in previous experiments using conventional LLL interferometers having a 1-mm lamella, improvement in the spatial resolution was demonstrated in that histological structures, such as hepatic lobules in liver and tubules in kidney, were revealed.

Development of Apparatus for Phase Imaging Using X-Ray Interferometers at BL20XU of SPring-8

Abstract: Phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging, including phase tomography, was performed at the medium‐length beamline BL20XU of SPring‐8, where undulator X rays were available at 245 m from the source point. A crystal X‐ray interferometer and an X‐ray Talbot interferometer with transmission gratings were used to perform different kinds of phase‐contrast imaging. The crystal X‐ray interferometer was devised in that a crystal lamella for beam recombination was thinned down to 40 μm to achieve high‐resolution imaging. A quick fringe‐scanning mechanism was also constructed enabling the phase measurement with a few second and therefore phase tomography with several minutes. The X‐ray Talbot interferometer was studied as a novel and simple method that generated a contrast corresponding to differential phase. Phase tomography was also attained with the X‐ray Talbot interferometer.

Microphase-contrast x-ray computed tomography for basic biomedical study at SPring-8

Abstract: Micro-phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography with an X-ray interferometer (micro-phase-contrast CT) is in operation to obtain high spatial resolution images of less than 0.01 mm at the undulator beam-line 20XU of SPring-8, Japan, and we applied micro-phase-contrast CT to observe the organs of rats and hamsters. The excised kidney and spleen fixed by formalin were imaged. The fine inner-structures such as vessels, glomeruli of kidney and white and red pulps of spleen were visualized clearly about 0.01-mm spatial resolutions without using contrast agent or staining procedure. The results were very similar to those by optical microscopic images with 20-fold magnification. These results suggest that the micro-phase tomography might be a useful tool for various biomedical researches.

X-ray phase imaging with a grating interferometer.

Abstract: Using a high-efficiency grating interferometer for hard X rays (10-30 keV) and a phase-stepping technique, separate radiographs of the phase and absorption profiles of bulk samples can be obtained from a single set of measurements. Tomographic reconstruction yields quantitative three-dimensional maps of the X-ray refractive index, with a spatial resolution down to a few microns. The method is mechanically robust, requires little spatial coherence and monochromaticity, and can be scaled up to large fields of view, with a detector of correspondingly moderate spatial resolution. These are important prerequisites for use with laboratory X-ray sources.

Optics and interferometry with atoms and molecules

Abstract: The development of wave optics for light brought many new insights into our understanding of physics, driven by fundamental experiments like the ones by Young, Fizeau, Michelson-Morley and others. Quantum mechanics, and especially the de Broglie’s postulate relating the momentum p of a particle to the wave vector k of an matter wave: k = 2 λ = p/ℏ, suggested that wave optical experiments should be also possible with massive particles (see table 1), and over the last 40 years electron and neutron interferometers have demonstrated many fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics [1].

X-ray phase-contrast imaging: from pre-clinical applications towards clinics

Abstract: Phase-contrast x-ray imaging (PCI) is an innovative method that is sensitive to the refraction of the x-rays in matter. PCI is particularly adapted to visualize weakly absorbing details like those often encountered in biology and medicine. In past years, PCI has become one of the most used imaging methods in laboratory and preclinical studies: its unique characteristics allow high contrast 3D visualization of thick and complex samples even at high spatial resolution. Applications have covered a wide range of pathologies and organs, and are more and more often performed in vivo. Several techniques are now available to exploit and visualize the phase-contrast: propagation- and analyzer-based, crystal and grating interferometry and non-interferometric methods like the coded aperture. In this review, covering the last five years, we will give an overview of the main theoretical and experimental developments and of the important steps performed towards the clinical implementation of PCI.

X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications

Abstract: This self-contained, comprehensive book describes the fundamental properties of soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and discusses their applications in a wide variety of fields, including EUV lithography for semiconductor chip manufacture and soft x-ray biomicroscopy. The author begins by presenting the relevant basic principles such as radiation and scattering, wave propagation, diffraction, and coherence. He then goes on to examine a broad range of phenomena and applications. The topics covered include EUV lithography, biomicroscopy, spectromicroscopy, EUV astronomy, synchrotron radiation, and soft x-ray lasers. He also provides a great deal of useful reference material such as electron binding energies, characteristic emission lines and photo-absorption cross-sections. The book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences. It will also appeal to practicing engineers involved in semiconductor fabrication and materials science.

Recent Advances in X-ray Phase Imaging

Abstract: Since the middle of the 1990s, X-ray phase imaging including phase tomography has been attracting increasing attention. The advantage of X-ray phase imaging is that an extremely high sensitivity is achieved for weak-absorbing materials, such as biological soft tissues, which generate a poor contrast by conventional methods. Medical and biological imaging is the main target of X-ray phase imaging, and several trials using synchrotron radiation sources and laboratory sources have been made. Measuring and controlling the X-ray phase are also significant for X-ray microscopy with a high spatial resolution, and innovative techniques are attracting intense interest. The progress of X-ray phase imaging is supported by the developments in X-ray sources such as third-generation synchrotron radiation sources, optical elements, and image detectors. This article describes the advantages of using X-ray phase information and reviews various techniques studied for X-ray phase imaging.