비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

Metal–air batteries (MABs), which possess exceptionally high energy density and exhibit other ideal features such as low cost, environmental benignity and safety, are regarded as promising candidates for the next generation of power sources. The performance of MABs and the challenges involved in these systems are primarily related to metal electrodes. In the present work, different types of MABs are overviewed from the perspective of the metal electrodes. Most metal electrodes that have been studied in recent years are reviewed, among which Zn, Al, Mg and Fe are highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are presented, and recent advances that address challenges such as corrosion, passivation and dendrite growth are introduced. In addition, investigations focused on revealing interactions between the metal electrodes and electrolytes or exploring electrolytes to improve the performance of metal electrodes are also discussed. Finally, a general perspective on the current situation of this field and on future research directions is provided.

Recent advances and challenges in divalent and multivalent metal electrodes for metal–air batteries

Aluminum-air batteries are considered as next-generation batteries owing to their high energy density with the abundant reserves, low cost, and lightweight of aluminum. However, there are several hurdles to be overcome, such as the sluggish rate of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the air electrode, precipitation of aluminum hydroxides and oxides at the anode, and severe hydrogen evolution problems at the interface of the anode and the electrolyte. Here, recent advances in silver metal and metal-nitrogen-carbon-based ORR electrocatalysts, aluminum anodes, electrolytes, and the requirements of future research directions are mainly summarized.

Advanced Technologies for High-Energy Aluminum–Air Batteries

Cutting fluid corrosion inhibitors from inorganic to organic: Progress and applications

Clarifying the roles of grain boundary and grain orientation on the corrosion and discharge processes of α-Mg based Mg-Li alloys for primary Mg-air batteries

The purpose of this study is to select a common commercial Mg alloy to function as an anode for Mg-air batteries, with low anode passivation and minimal hydrogen evolution-induced corrosion being desirable characteristics. Corrosion and discharge performance of 3N5 Mg, AZ31, AZ61, and AZ91 alloys was studied. Corrosion susceptibility decreases and anode utilization factor gradually increases with Al content for the 3N5 Mg, AZ31, and AZ61 alloys. The key factors for these results are associated with the Mg17Al12 phase, which can act as a barrier to prevent the self-peeling of discharge products. For the AZ91 alloy, the addition of about 9 wt% Al drastically increases discharge activation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy support the results of electrochemical and discharge performance tests. Therefore, AZ61 alloy is the best-suited anode material for the Mg-air batteries in the 0.6 M NaCl electrolyte.

Electrochemical performance of Mg-air batteries based on AZ series magnesium alloys

Electrochemical and discharge properties of Mg-air battery based on 3N5 Mg, AZ31, AZ61, AZ91 alloys were studied in a 0.6 M NaCl electrolyte, with the aim of selecting a common commercial Mg alloy to decrease passivation and self-corrosion of Mg anode for Mg-air battery. Results obtained indicate that self-corrosion and passivation decrease, and anodic utilization increases gradually with increasing Al content. This is associated with the double effect of Al on discharge performance of Mg anode. Al with high hydrogen overvoltage decreases self-corrosion of Mg anode and passivation of Mg anode by peeling off Mg(OH)2 discharge products. Results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and discharge morphology relate well with the results of electrochemical and discharge performances. It is concluded that solution-treated AZ91 alloy has a better discharge performance as anode of Mg-air battery in 0.6 M NaCl electrolyte.

Electrochemical Investigations on AZ Series Magnesium Alloys as Anode Materials in a Sodium Chloride Solution

The application of Mg–air batteries is limited due to passivation and self-corrosion of anode alloys in electrolyte. In effort of solving this problem, the present work studied the influence of sodium silicate (SS)/sodium alginate (SA) on electrochemical behaviors of AZ61 alloy in NaCl solution by circle potentiodynamic polarization and galvanostatic discharge. The corrosion morphology and discharge product were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Results have shown that sodium silicate/sodium alginate inhibitors have an apparent effect on the self-corrosion of AZ61 alloy without affecting its discharge performance. The discharge capacity and the anodic utilization for Mg–air battery in a 0.6 M NaCl + 0.01 M SS +0.04 M SA solution are measured to be 1397 mAhg−1 and 48.2%, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and SEM investigation have confirmed that the sodium silicate/sodium alginate inhibitor can obviously decrease the self-corrosion of AZ61 alloy. SEM and XRD diffraction examinations suggest that the inhibiting mechanism is due to the formation of a compact and “cracked mud” layer. AZ61 alloy can be used as the anode for Mg–air battery in a solution of 0.6 M NaCl + 0.01 M SS +0.04 M SA.

Influence of Sodium Silicate/Sodium Alginate Additives on Discharge Performance of Mg–Air Battery Based on AZ61 Alloy

Influences of L-Cysteine/Zinc Oxide Additive on the Electrochemical Behavior of Pure Aluminum in Alkaline Solution

Ionic liquids are promising electrolytes for the primary Mg-air batteries. Three electrolytes, including pure 1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid, 50 mol.% butyl acetate and 50 mol.% water were studied. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to examine discharge performance and the effects of butyl acetate and water additions. Galvanostatic measurements indicate that butyl acetate is an excellent additive, which can significantly improve the battery performance by reducing electrolyte impedance by increasing conductivity. However, while water also improved electrolyte discharge performance, it was consumed by the hydrogen evolution reaction over the 72 h discharge. © 2019 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0821906jes]

Yaqiong Li

Papers

Electrochemical performance of Mg-air batteries based on AZ series magnesium alloys

Electrochemical Investigations on AZ Series Magnesium Alloys as Anode Materials in a Sodium Chloride Solution

Influence of Sodium Silicate/Sodium Alginate Additives on Discharge Performance of Mg–Air Battery Based on AZ61 Alloy

Influences of L-Cysteine/Zinc Oxide Additive on the Electrochemical Behavior of Pure Aluminum in Alkaline Solution

Electrochemical Performance of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bis(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl)Imide Ionic Liquid as Electrolyte for Primary Mg-Air Batteries