Yiannos Manoli

Bio: Yiannos Manoli is an academic researcher from University of Freiburg. The author has contributed to research in topics: CMOS & Delta-sigma modulation. The author has an hindex of 38, co-authored 434 publications receiving 6040 citations. Previous affiliations of Yiannos Manoli include Fraunhofer Society & IMTEK.

Energy harvesting from human motion: exploiting swing and shock excitations

Abstract: Modern compact and low power sensors and systems are leading towards increasingly integrated wearable systems. One key bottleneck of this technology is the power supply. The use of energy harvesting techniques offers a way of supplying sensor systems without the need for batteries and maintenance. In this work we present the development and characterization of two inductive energy harvesters which exploit different characteristics of the human gait. A multi-coil topology harvester is presented which uses the swing motion of the foot. The second device is a shock-type harvester which is excited into resonance upon heel strike. Both devices were modeled and designed with the key constraint of device height in mind, in order to facilitate the integration into the shoe sole. The devices were characterized under different motion speeds and with two test subjects on a treadmill. An average power output of up to 0.84 mW is achieved with the swing harvester. With a total device volume including the housing of 21 cm3 a power density of 40 μW cm−3 results. The shock harvester generates an average power output of up to 4.13 mW. The power density amounts to 86 μW cm−3 for the total device volume of 48 cm3. Difficulties and potential improvements are discussed briefly.

A 62 mV 0.13 $\mu$ m CMOS Standard-Cell-Based Design Technique Using Schmitt-Trigger Logic

Abstract: Supply voltage reduction beyond the minimum energy per operation point is advantageous for supply voltage constrained applications, but is limited by the degradation of on-to-off current ratios with decreasing supply. In this work, we show that the effective on-to-off ratio can be considerably improved by the use of Schmitt Trigger structures, which effectively reduce the leakage from the gate output node and thereby stabilize the output level. A method for applying this concept to general logic is presented. Design rules concerning transistor sizing, gate selection and layout necessary to further minimize the required supply voltage are outlined and applied to the design of a chip implementing 8 × 8 bit multipliers as test structures. The only custom design step is the creation of the Schmitt Trigger standard-cell library, otherwise a regular digital tool chain is used. The multipliers exhibit full functionality down to supply voltages of 84 mV-62 mV, depending on the area overhead invested. No process or post-silicon tuning like body biasing is used. At the minimum possible supply voltage of 62 mV, a power consumption of 17.9 nW at an operation frequency of 5.2 kHz is measured for an 8 × 8 bit multiplier.

A continuous-time /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ Modulator with reduced sensitivity to clock jitter through SCR feedback

Abstract: This paper presents a means to overcome the high sensitivity of continuous-time sigma-delta (/spl Sigma//spl Delta/) modulators to clock jitter by using a modified switched-capacitor structure with resistive element in the continuous-time feedback digital-analog converter (DAC). The reduced sensitivity to jitter is both simulated and proven by measured results from two implemented third-order modulators. Additionally, the nonideal behavior is analyzed analytically and by simulations.

Fabrication, characterization and modelling of electrostatic micro-generators

Abstract: This paper presents an electrostatic energy-harvesting device for electrical energy extraction from vibrations. We successfully fabricated prototypes of completely packaged micro-generators with a chip size of 5 mm by 6 mm. This was achieved using a modified SOI technology developed for inertial sensors at HSG-IMIT. Micro-generators produce a maximum rms power of 3.5 µW when they are excited at their resonance frequency with an input excitation of 13 g. During a long-term experiment over a period of 2 h, the electrostatic energy harvester generated a total net energy of 13.38 mJ corresponding to an average power of 1.58 µW. The effect of mechanical stoppers and the bias voltage on the generated power is also evaluated. In order to get a more profound understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the micro-generator, we have developed a signal-flow model for numerical simulation of the electrostatic transducer on system level. This model includes a mechanical and an electrical domain which are coupled by electrostatic forces. The limited displacement of the proof mass is also considered using an elastic stopper model. We show that the numerical model is capable of providing good predictions of the device behaviour.

A Fully Autonomous Integrated Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Harvesters

Abstract: This paper presents a fully autonomous, adaptive pulsed synchronous charge extractor (PSCE) circuit optimized for piezoelectric harvesters (PEHs) which have a wide output voltage range 1.3-20 V. The PSCE chip fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process is supplied exclusively by the buffer capacitor where the harvested energy is stored in. Due to the low power consumption, the chip can handle a minimum PEH output power of 5.7 μW. The system performs a startup from an uncharged buffer capacitor and operates in the adaptive mode at storage buffer voltages from 1.4 V to 5 V. By reducing the series resistance losses, the implementation of an improved switching technique increases the extracted power by up to 20% compared to the formerly presented Synchronous Electric Charge Extraction (SECE) technique and enables the chip efficiency to reach values of up to 85%. Compared to a low-voltage-drop passive full-wave rectifier, the PSCE chip increases the extracted power to 123% when the PEH is driven at resonance and to 206% at off-resonance.

The Ensemble Kalman Filter: Theoretical formulation and practical implementation

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive presentation and interpretation of the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and its numerical implementation. The EnKF has a large user group, and numerous publications have discussed applications and theoretical aspects of it. This paper reviews the important results from these studies and also presents new ideas and alternative interpretations which further explain the success of the EnKF. In addition to providing the theoretical framework needed for using the EnKF, there is also a focus on the algorithmic formulation and optimal numerical implementation. A program listing is given for some of the key subroutines. The paper also touches upon specific issues such as the use of nonlinear measurements, in situ profiles of temperature and salinity, and data which are available with high frequency in time. An ensemble based optimal interpolation (EnOI) scheme is presented as a cost-effective approach which may serve as an alternative to the EnKF in some applications. A fairly extensive discussion is devoted to the use of time correlated model errors and the estimation of model bias.

Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

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A Review of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Based on Vibration

Abstract: This paper reviews energy harvesting technology from mechanical vibration. Recent advances on ultralow power portable electronic devices and wireless sensor network require limitless battery life for better performance. People searched for permanent portable power sources for advanced electronic devices. Energy is everywhere around us and the most important part in energy harvesting is energy transducer. Piezoelectric materials have high energy conversion ability from mechanical vibration. A great amount of researches have been conducted to develop simple and efficient energy harvesting devices from vibration by using piezoelectric materials. Representative piezoelectric materials can be categorized into piezoceramics and piezopolymers. This paper reviews key ideas and performances of the reported piezoelectric energy harvesting from vibration. Various types of vibration devices, piezoelectric materials and mathematical modeling of vibrational energy harvestings are reviewed.

Humidity Sensors Principle, Mechanism, and Fabrication Technologies: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract: Humidity measurement is one of the most significant issues in various areas of applications such as instrumentation, automated systems, agriculture, climatology and GIS. Numerous sorts of humidity sensors fabricated and developed for industrial and laboratory applications are reviewed and presented in this article. The survey frequently concentrates on the RH sensors based upon their organic and inorganic functional materials, e.g., porous ceramics (semiconductors), polymers, ceramic/polymer and electrolytes, as well as conduction mechanism and fabrication technologies. A significant aim of this review is to provide a distinct categorization pursuant to state of the art humidity sensor types, principles of work, sensing substances, transduction mechanisms, and production technologies. Furthermore, performance characteristics of the different humidity sensors such as electrical and statistical data will be detailed and gives an added value to the report. By comparison of overall prospects of the sensors it was revealed that there are still drawbacks as to efficiency of sensing elements and conduction values. The flexibility offered by thick film and thin film processes either in the preparation of materials or in the choice of shape and size of the sensor structure provides advantages over other technologies. These ceramic sensors show faster response than other types.

Micropower energy harvesting

Abstract: More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting has yielded increasing power output and smaller embodiments. Power management circuits for rectification and DC–DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits.