1.1. Historical Background Hydrogen bonds1,2 are one of the principal intermolecular forces. A special class are ionic hydrogen bonds (IHBs) that form between ions and molecules with bonds strengths of 5-35 kcal/mol, up to a third of the strength of covalent bonds. These strong interactions are critical, for example, in ionic clusters and nucleation, in electrolytes, ion solvation, and acid-base chemistry, in the structures of ionic crystals, surfaces, silicates, and clays, in surface adsorption, and in self-assembly in supramolecular chemistry and molecular crystals.3 IHBs are also important in bioenergetics including protein folding, enzyme active centers, formation of membranes and proton transport, and biomolecular recognition. With such wide-ranging roles, the fundamental properties of IHB interactions need to be understood. The energetics of IHB interactions cannot be isolated and quantified in the condensed phase. However, these interactions can be isolated and studied quantitatively in gas phase. These studies lead to a fundamental understanding of relations between IHB bond strengths and molecular structure, the solvation of ions, especially in the critical inner shells, and acid-based phenomena and bioenergetics. This review will present the basic insights that have been obtained in the past four decades. It will present a comprehensive review of the thermochemistry and its structural implications obtained from ab initio calculations. Relevant recent results from spectroscopy will be also illustrated. The advent of variable temperature high-pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS) introduced by Field and co-workers in the 1960s4 and pulsed high-pressure mass spectrometry (PHPMS) introduced by Kebarle in the late 1960s5 have been particularly significant. These workers realized that at pressures of several torrs and gas densities of 1016-1017 cm-3 in ion sources, ions can undergo 103-106 collisions with neutral molecules during typical residence times of 0.1-10 ms and establish thermal ion populations and * E-mail: m.mautner@solis1.com. 213 Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 213−284

http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFTheIonicHydrogenBondChemicalReviews2005Paper.pdf

The Ionic Hydrogen Bond

Protonated water clusters, H+(H2O)n (n = 5−8), from a supersonic expansion have been investigated by vibrational predissociation spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The experimental spectra were obtained at an estimated cluster temperature of 170 ± 20 K. Recorded absorption bands at the frequency range of 2700−3900 cm-1 are attributed to the free- and hydrogen-bonded-OH stretches of the ion core and the surrounding solvent molecules. Ab initio calculations, performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level, indicate that geometries of the H+(H2O)5-8 isomers are close in energy, with the excess proton either localized on a single water molecule, yielding H3O+(H2O)n-1, or equally shared by two molecules, yielding H5O2+(H2O)n-2. Systematic comparison of the experimental and computed spectra provides compelling evidence for both cases. The unique proton-transfer intermediate H5O2+(H2O)4 was identified, for the first time, by its characteristic bonded-OH stretching absorptions at 3178 cm-1. The existence of five-membe...

Infrared Spectra of H+(H2O)5-8 Clusters: Evidence for Symmetric Proton Hydration

Structure, stability, and hydrogen-bonding interaction in phenol, water, and phenol-water clusters have been investigated using ab initio and density functional theoretical (DFT) methods and using various topological features of electron density. Calculated interaction energies at MP2/6-31G level for clusters with similar hydrogen-bonding pattern reveal that intermolecular interaction in phenol clusters is slightly stronger than in water clusters. However, fusion of phenol and water clusters leads to stability that is akin to that of H(2)O clusters. The presence of hydrogen bond critical points (HBCP) and the values of rho(r(c)) and nabla(2)rho(r(c)) at the HBCPs provide an insight into the nature of closed shell interaction in hydrogen-bonded clusters. It is shown that the calculated values of total rho(r(c)) and nabla(2)rho(r(c)) of all the clusters vary linearly with the interaction energy.

Hydrogen Bonding in Phenol, Water, and Phenol−Water Clusters

This paper describes a systematic study on the clathrate structure of (H+)(H2O)21 using tandem mass spectrometry, vibrational predissociation spectroscopy, Monte Carlo simulations, and density functional theory calculations. We produced (H+)(H2O)n from a continuous corona-discharged supersonic expansion and observed three anomalies simultaneously at the cluster temperature near 150 K, including (1) the peak at n=21 is more intense than its neighboring ions in the mass spectrum, (2) the size-dependent dissociation fractions show a distinct drop for the 21-mer, and (3) the infrared spectrum of (H+)(H2O)21 exhibits only a single feature at 3699 cm(-1), corresponding to the free-OH stretching of three-coordinated water molecules. Interestingly, the anomalies appear or disappear together with cluster temperature, indicating close correlation of these three observations. The observations, together with Monte Carlo simulations and density functional theory calculations, corroborate the notion for the formation of a distorted pentagonal dodecahedral (5(12)) cage with a H2O molecule in the cage and a H3O+ ion on the surface for this "magic number" water cluster ion. The dodecahedral cage melts at higher temperatures, as evidenced by the emergence of a free-OH stretching feature at 3717 cm(-1) for the two-coordinated water in (H+)(H2O)21 produced in a warmer molecular beam. Extension of this study to larger clusters strongly suggests that the experimentally observed isomer of (H+)(H2O)28 is most likely to consist of a distorted protonated pentakaidecahedral (5(12)6(3)) cage enclosing two neutral water molecules.

Protonated clathrate cages enclosing neutral water molecules: (H+)(H2O)21 and (H+)(H2O)28.

Update 1 of: strong ionic hydrogen bonds.

The NH4+(H2O)3-6 cluster ions synthesized by a free jet expansion contain a variety of structural isomers. This investigation identifies some of these isomers by employing vibrational predissociation spectroscopy (VPS) in conjunction with ab initio calculations. The NH4+(H2O)n ions are produced by corona discharge of NH3/H2O seeded in a H2 beam. They are mass-selected and then vibrationally cooled in an octopole ion trap for infrared spectroscopic measurements. In the VPS, four distinct stretching vibrations (hydrogen-bonded and non-hydrogen-bonded NH and OH) are closely examined. The characteristic absorptions of these stretches, together with systematic temperature dependence measurements of their band intensities, allow us to identify both cyclic and noncyclic isomers in the supersonic jet. Such identification is corroborated by ab initio calculations performed at the B3LYP and MP2 levels using the 6-31+G* basis set. The satisfactory agreement in both vibrational frequencies and absorption intensities ...

Yih-Sheng Wang

Papers

Structures and Isomeric Transitions of NH4+(H2O)3-6: From Single to Double Rings

Studying protonated ion hydration by infrared spectroscopy of size-selected NH4+(H2O)n clusters in a free jet expansion