抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Hyperbolic metamaterials and their applications

Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrowband absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, providing a great potential for applications in designing selective thermal emitters, biosensing, etc. In other applications such as solar-energy harvesting and photonic detection, the bandwidth of light absorbers is required to be quite broad. Under such a background, a variety of mechanisms of broadband/multiband absorption have been proposed, such as mixing multiple resonances together, exciting phase resonances, slowing down light by anisotropic metamaterials, employing high loss materials and so on.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/lpor.201400026

Plasmonic and metamaterial structures as electromagnetic absorbers

Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrow band absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, providing a great potential for applications in designing selective thermal emitters, bio-sensing, etc. In other applications such as solar energy harvesting and photonic detection, the bandwidth of light absorbers is required to be quite broad. Under such a background, a variety of mechanisms of broadband/multiband absorption have been proposed, such as mixing multiple resonances together, exciting phase resonances, slowing down light by anisotropic metamaterials, employing high loss materials and so on.

Plasmonic and Metamaterial Structures as Electromagnetic Absorbers

A metamaterial thermal emitter for highly efficient radiative cooling is demonstrated. The emitter selectively radiates within the atmospheric transparency window and minimizes absorption of atmospheric radiation outside the transparency window. Exploiting its intriguing radiative properties, the emitter has the ability to deliver a remarkably high cooling power of more than 100 W m−2 and to cool down 12 °C below the ambient temperature.

A Metamaterial Emitter for Highly Efficient Radiative Cooling

Nanoscale slot waveguides of hyperbolic metamaterials are proposed and demonstrated for achieving large optical field enhancement. The dependence of the enhanced electric field within the air slot on waveguide mode coupling and permittivity tensors of hyperbolic metamaterials is analyzed both numerically and analytically. Optical intensity in the metamaterial slot waveguide can be more than 25 times stronger than that in a conventional silicon slot waveguide, due to tight optical mode confinement enabled by the ultrahigh refractive indices supported in hyperbolic metamaterials. The electric field enhancement effects are also verified with the realistic metal-dielectric multilayer waveguide structure.

https://web.mst.edu/~yangxia/journal%20publications/27.%20OL%20-%20slot%20waveguide.pdf

Optical field enhancement in nanoscale slot waveguides of hyperbolic metamaterials.

An infrared perfect absorber based on a gold nanowire metamaterial cavities array on a gold ground plane is designed. The metamaterial made of gold nanowires embedded in an alumina host exhibits an effective permittivity with strong anisotropy, which supports cavity resonant modes of both electric dipole and magnetic dipole. The impedance of the cavity modes matches the incident plane wave in free space, leading to nearly perfect light absorption. The incident optical energy is efficiently converted into heat so that the local temperature of the absorber will increase. Results show that the designed absorber is polarization-insensitive and nearly omnidirectional for the incident angle.

https://web.mst.edu/~yangxia/journal%20publications/35.%20OL%20-%20nanowire%20absorber.pdf

Infrared perfect absorber based on nanowire metamaterial cavities

Here we demonstrate that giant transverse optical forces can be generated in nanoscale slot waveguides of hyperbolic metamaterials, with more than two orders of magnitude stronger compared to the force created in conventional silicon slot waveguides, due to the nanoscale optical field enhancement and the extreme optical energy compression within the air slot region. Both numerical simulation and analytical treatment are carried out to study the dependence of the optical forces on the waveguide geometries and the metamaterial permittivity tensors, including the attractive optical forces for the symmetric modes and the repulsive optical forces for the anti-symmetric modes. The significantly enhanced transverse optical forces result from the strong optical mode coupling strength between two metamaterial waveguides, which can be explained with an explicit relation derived from the coupled mode theory. Moreover, the calculation on realistic metal-dielectric multilayer structures indicates that the predicted giant optical forces are achievable in experiments, which will open the door for various optomechanical applications in nanoscale, such as optical nanoelectromechanical systems, optical sensors and actuators.

/pdf/giant-transverse-optical-forces-in-nanoscale-slot-waveguides-4n0uj2lwjf.pdf

Yingran He

Papers

Plasmonic and metamaterial structures as electromagnetic absorbers

Plasmonic and Metamaterial Structures as Electromagnetic Absorbers

Optical field enhancement in nanoscale slot waveguides of hyperbolic metamaterials.

Infrared perfect absorber based on nanowire metamaterial cavities

Giant transverse optical forces in nanoscale slot waveguides of hyperbolic metamaterials.