Younan Xia

Bio: Younan Xia is an academic researcher from The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering. The author has contributed to research in topics: Nanocages & Nanowire. The author has an hindex of 216, co-authored 943 publications receiving 175757 citations. Previous affiliations of Younan Xia include Washington University in St. Louis & University of Texas at Dallas.

Controlling the Nucleation and Growth of Au on a-Se Nanospheres to Enhance Their Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity.

Abstract: We report a method to experimentally control the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of Au nanoparticles on the surface of amorphous Se (a-Se) nanospheres. When a AuIII precursor is added into a colloidal suspension of a-Se nanospheres, galvanic replacement occurs between them and the resultant Au0 atoms then heterogeneously nucleate and grow from the surface of the a-Se nanospheres. As a unique feature of this system, the Au0 atoms can only be produced on the surface of the a-Se nanospheres in the nucleation stage. Once Au nuclei are formed on the surface at the very beginning of a synthesis, they will serve as the preferential sites for further deposition of Au0 atoms, making it possible to control the number of Au nanoparticles on each nanosphere and the morphology of the final product. The dependence of the initial reduction rate on the pH can be used to obtain Se-Au hybrid nanoparticles containing one, two, three, and multiple Au nanoparticles on the surface of each a-Se nanosphere. The presence of Au patches on the hybrid nanoparticles offers an experimental handle to optimize the ligand distribution for the achievement of enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity for the a-Se nanospheres.

Interstitial diffuse radiance spectroscopy of gold nanocages and nanorods in bulk muscle tissues.

Abstract: Radiance spectroscopy was applied to the interstitial detection of localized inclusions containing Au nanocages or nanorods with various concentrations embedded in porcine muscle phantoms. The radiance was quantified using a perturbation approach, which enabled the separation of contributions from the porcine phantom and the localized inclusion, with the inclusion serving as a perturbation probe of photon distributions in the turbid medium. Positioning the inclusion at various places in the phantom allowed for tracking of photons that originated from a light source, passed through the inclusion’s location, and reached a detector. The inclusions with high extinction coefficients were able to absorb nearly all photons in the range of 650–900 nm, leading to a spectrally flat radiance signal. This signal could be converted to the relative density of photons incident on the inclusion. Finally, the experimentally measured quantities were expressed via the relative perturbation and arranged into the classical Beer–Lambert law that allowed one to extract the extinction coefficients of various types of Au nanoparticles in both the transmission and back reflection geometries. It was shown that the spatial variation of perturbation could be described as 1/r dependence, where r is the distance between the inclusion and the detector. Due to a larger absorption cross section, Au nanocages produced greater perturbations than Au nanorods of equal particle concentration, indicating a better suitability of Au nanocages as contrast agents for optical measurements in turbid media. Individual measurements from different inclusions were combined into detectability maps.

Decomposition Kinetics of H2O2 on Pd Nanocrystals with Different Shapes and Surface Strains

Abstract: Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from H2 and O2 on a Pd‐based catalyst has emerged as a promising route to replace the energy‐consuming, highly inefficient anthraquinone process. However, Pd is also a good catalyst for the decomposition of H2O2, thereby compromising the selectivity toward the desired product. The coupling between the formation and decomposition reactions makes it difficult to single out the most important parameter that controls the selectivity toward direct synthesis of H2O2. Herein, support‐free monometallic Pd nanocrystals with different shapes and surface strains are used to investigate their impacts on the decomposition kinetics of H2O2. The kinetics are analyzed by tracking the concentration of the remaining H2O2 using infrared spectroscopy. The data indicates that both surface structure and strain affect the decomposition kinetics of H2O2, but their impacts are inferior to that caused by Br−, a surface capping agent for the Pd{100} facets. The experimental results are consistent with the trend obtained through density functional theory calculations. This work helps shed light on the development of Pd‐based catalysts for the direct synthesis of H2O2 by offering strategies to mitigate the decomposition of the desired product.

Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics

Abstract: Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Abstract: Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346