This chapter elaborates on entrepreneurship in developed and developing countries and focuses on the optimization of entrepreneurial activities. Various scenarios are considered: independent functioning of the market, integration in the form of reorganization (mergers and acquisitions), integration in the form of clustering, and integration in the form of innovational networks and technological parks. The optimal structure of the integration processes and best-case scenarios for its implementation to accelerate the rate and increase the quality of economic growth are substantiated. The potential for uptake of integration processes in stimulating economic growth through entrepreneurship is determined by the level of institutionalization in an economy. In developed countries, all forms of company integration are characterized by the high level of institutionalization, which allows for their effective use for economic growth. Independent companies, mergers, and acquisitions restrain economic growth and reduce its quality, while clusters, technological parks, and innovational networks accelerate the rate of economic growth and increase its quality. In developing countries, integration processes in entrepreneurship have a different influence on economic growth and require further institutionalization.

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: The Experience of Developed and Developing Countries

This chapter elaborates on the role of clusters and innovational networks in Russia and interprets that the future growth of Russia’s economy depends on the development of clusters and innovational networks. We substantiated that clusters and innovational networks possess considerable potential in the sphere of provision of sustainable growth of Russia’s economy. Today, this potential is not used due to unequal distribution of clusters and innovational networks on Russia’s vast territory and due to their being at the initial stage of development – despite their prolonged period of existence. However, even in the current conditions, clusters and innovational networks make a significant contribution to Russia’s GDP (15.58% in 2018). By 2024, by implementing our described optimal scenario of clusters and innovational networks development, it would be possible to expand Russia’s GDP by 15 times, which will allow increasing the country’s GDP by 2.5 times. This positive effect will be achieved due to the provision of balance and stability of economic growth, which will make it more sustainable. Clusters and innovational networks should become a basis for sustainable growth of Russia’s economy. We recommend a scenario of sustainable growth based on a more equal distribution of clusters and innovational networks across Russia and a quicker development of clusters and innovational networks via more extensive involvement of private businesses.

Clusters and Innovational Networks Toward Sustainable Growth

The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences

Purpose - This study aims to empirically explore corporate governance and the demographic traits of top management teams as the determinants of voluntary risk disclosure practices in listed banks. This study also aims to contribute to the existing risk disclosure literature by investigating the effect of a combination of determinants on voluntary risk disclosure practices in an emerging market. Furthermore, this study seeks to contribute to risk disclosure theories by employing the upper echelons theory to examine the determinants and their effects on voluntary risk disclosure practices. Design/Methodology/Approach - This investigation uses manual content analysis to measure the levels of risk disclosure in all Saudi listed banks from 2009 to 2013. It also uses ordinary least squares regressions analysis to examine the joint effect of corporate governance and demographic traits on risk disclosure. Results - The empirical findings show that external ownership, audit committee meetings, gender, size, profitability and board size are primary determinants of voluntary risk disclosure practices in Saudi listed banks. The remainder of the independent variables of both corporate governance mechanisms and demographic traits are insignificantly correlated with voluntary risk disclosure practices in Saudi listed banks. This study supports upper echelons theory and further encompasses demographic research into the risk disclosure field. Potential Implications - The empirical findings offer several important implications by reporting to banks’ stockholder, regulatory bodies and any other interested group on the importance of corporate governance and demographic determinants, which can be used to augment risk reporting in the banking industry. This study also backs upper echelons theory and encourages further demographic research into the risk disclosure field. Originality - To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, no prior research has been conducted on the determinants of risk disclosure in Saudi Arabian listed banks. Therefore, this is the first study to investigate the determinants of risk disclosure in the context of Saudi Arabia.

Corporate Governance and Risk Disclosure: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

work that qualitative research can often be, especially among researchers who come from similar backgrounds as their participants. Another strength lies in the chapters that are international in focus. The methodological concerns in the United States are not always the concerns in other parts of the world. Chapters bring in data and research experience from the United Kingdom, Australia, and Cyprus in particular. A number of chapters also cover intersecting areas of identities; two chapters focus on religious LGBTQ research and a number layer in racial and ethnic complexities. Perhaps both topics can be given greater space should future editions be planned—work emerging from Africa, Asia, or South America would be especially helpful to researchers interested in populations within these areas. Furthermore, examination of methodological concerns among non-heterosexual U.S. African American or Latino populations could also strengthen coverage of intersecting identities. Some drawbacks of the edited volume are present. First, there appear to be a number of typographical errors in the book’s introduction. Regardless, these errors do not detract from the larger mission of the book. Also, while subsequent chapters are accessible to advanced undergraduates and graduate students, the introductory chapter is written at a level that may alienate some readers. Lastly, greater efforts could be made toward trans-inclusive research methodologies (see for example Meier and Labuski’s Chapter Sixteen in International Handbook on the Demography of Sexuality [2013]). While transgender individuals are not necessarily nonheterosexuals, there are often sizeable proportions of trans people who also identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer, or other identities who also have specific research methodology concerns. Researching Non-Heterosexual Sexualities offers a nice glimpse into the world of research methods that your standard empirical journal article often does not. It is selfreflective and critical in the ways in which we do research in marginalized communities. While we may discuss these issues internally, at conferences, or in personal conversations, it is a welcomed breath of fresh air to hear others grapple with methodological concerns in the (relatively) open air of an academic anthology. This book is a ‘‘behind the veil’’ glimpse into the research world for the graduate student or new faculty interested in starting, or already engaged in, research of sexualities in many fields, including sociology, anthropology, geography, and public health.

The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Sociology

The article is devoted to the role of clustering in the development of modern Russian business. The authors analyze the dynamics of main parameters of development of small and medium business in modern Russia and reveal the problems and perspectives of development of business. The authors offer and prove the hypothesis that clustering is a growth point of modern Russian business.

https://dspace.ncfu.ru:443/bitstream/20.500.12258/2986/2/WoS%20145%20.pdf

Clustering as a Growth Point of Modern Russian Business

Integration and Clustering for Sustainable Economic Growth

Introduction One of the most important phenomena in modern global economy that determines specifics of its functioning and development in perspective is globalization of global economic connections and relations. Combined with integration processes and scientific & technical progress, globalization stimulates elimination of national economic barriers and creation of favorable conditions for provision of global presence of modern enterprises. Global character of activities provides multiple advantages for business, among which it is necessary to note expansion of sales markets, possibility of maximally effective use of production factors due to placement of separate production processes in different countries, and possession of large market power due to its global scale. Global entrepreneurship also has advantages for society in the countries of its presence, as due to its orientation at long-term existence it is inclined to manifest corporate responsibility; also, possessing large possibilities in the sphere of implementation of innovations and use of scale effect, as compared to national business, it ensures accessibility of high-quality products for low price. Therefore, determination of possibilities and perspectives of development of global entrepreneurship is an actual direction for conduct of research. An initial step of the research is the author's scientific hypothesis according to which business administration is a basis for development of global entrepreneurship. It determines the goal of this work which consists in determination of role and meaning of business administration in development of global entrepreneurship. Materials and method Global enterprise is one of the participants of international socio-economic relations that conduct transnational commercial activities (Caiazza et al., 2016). The most important characteristics and specific peculiarities of a global enterprise are the following: --large number of countries of presence of enterprise (placement of business); --stable position in the global markets and strong global brand (Fudge, 2015); --universal character of production that allows enterprise to successfully adapt to national peculiarities of various countries (Kasemsap, 2015); --possession of substantial resources (financial, human, and material), which allows conducting large-scale scientific research and realizing innovational projects (Wirtz et al., 2015); --mass character of production and possibility for obtaining advantages from the scale effect (Wu, 2016), etc. The notion, sense, and specifics of global entrepreneurship, its role in development of modern global economy, key participants and regulators, as well as problems and perspectives of transnationalization of business are studied in multiple works of such authors as (Wu et al., 2015), (Jordan et al., 2015), (Popkova and Tinyakova, 2013), (Skiter et al., 2015), (Dzhandzhugazova et al.. 2015), (Kravets et al., 2014). Analysis of the components of business administration, study of methods and tools of enterprise management, research of conceptual and empirical approaches to conduct of business administration, and consideration of factors and indicators of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of business administration are studied in the articles of such scholars as (Salvioni and Gennari, 2016), (Al-Maghzom et al., 2016), (Metushi et al., 2016), (Whiting and Birch, 2016), (Baldini and Liberatore, 2016), (Chu et al., 2016), etc. Problems of business administration and marketing management are studied in articles of (Sozinova & Fokina, 2015). Based on the conducted literature review on the studied problem, it is possible to conclude that works of modern researchers include foundations for global business and enterprise management. However, many practical aspects and dependence of development of global entrepreneurship on business administration are not sufficiently studied, which causes necessity for further research in this sphere. …

/pdf/business-administration-as-a-basis-for-development-of-global-42q7eunxbd.pdf

Business administration as a basis for development of global entrepreneurship

Tax legislation of the developed countries is characterized by the fact that imposed taxes are one of the main tools of the national policy which allow regulating processes in the economy. Taxes used in the industrially developed countries are means of budget income generation, on the one hand, and are used by the state for influencing the living standards of the population. The difference between tax systems is huge. Almost all developed countries have progressive taxation of income of private customers. This means that tax mechanisms play a substantial role in the just income distribution of the population. The article provides opportunities for use of the world experience in the mechanism of tax reduction for private customers in Russia

Ways Of Possible Use Of Foreign Experience In Mechanism Of Tax Reduction For Individuals In Russia

The purpose of this paper is to determine the possibilities and barriers of the practical application of internationally recognized diplomas of higher education.,The authors used SWOT analysis for determining preconditions and barriers as well as possibilities and threats that are related to the provision and practical application of internationally recognized diplomas of higher education and the method of modeling of socio-economic processes and systems for compiling a conceptual model of the provision and practical application of internationally recognized diplomas of higher education. Demand for the practical application of internationally recognized diplomas in modern Russia is determined with the method of analysis of statistical data (method of economic statistics). The information and analytical basis of the research consists of materials of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation.,It is shown by the example of modern Russia that the practical application of internationally recognized diplomas is popular, and universities that provide remote education possess wide possibilities in the sphere of their provision, as they are characterized by high flexibility that allows them to adapt to the international standards of university education. The barriers of the practical application of internationally recognized diplomas of higher education are caused by the lack of clear and generally recognized international standards of university education, absence of entrepreneurial culture of application of internationally recognized diplomas and absence of international organization that certifies activities of universities and issues licenses for internationally recognized diplomas.,In order to overcome these barriers, the authors created a conceptual model of the provision and practical application of internationally recognized diplomas of higher education.

Yulia G. Tyurina

Papers

Clustering as a Growth Point of Modern Russian Business

Integration and Clustering for Sustainable Economic Growth

Business administration as a basis for development of global entrepreneurship

Ways Of Possible Use Of Foreign Experience In Mechanism Of Tax Reduction For Individuals In Russia

Possibilities and barriers for practical application of internationally recognized diplomas of remote education