다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g −)(v=2, N=2)←X(3Σg −) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and ...

Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

Photodissociation reaction of O3 following ultraviolet photon excitation around the thermodynamic threshold of the dissociation channel of O(1D) + O2(a1Δg) at 309.44 nm has been studied under room-temperature and jet-cooled conditions. Both O(1D) and O(3P) photoproducts are detected by a technique of vacuum ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (VUV-LIF) spectroscopy. Photofragment excitation (PHOFEX) spectra for the O(1D) and O(3P) atoms are obtained by scanning the photolysis laser wavelength between 297 and 316 nm while monitoring VUV-LIF signal intensities at 115 and 130 nm for O(1D) and O(3P), respectively. From the behavior of the PHOFEX spectra for the O(3P) and O(1D) atoms around the threshold into O(1D) + O2(a1Δg), the existence of an exit barrier along the O−O2 dissociation coordinate in the photoexcited electronic state of O3 is suggested. Analysis of the line widths in the jet-cooled PHOFEX spectra of O(1D) and O(3P) suggests that the quasi-bound states below the barrier and above the thresho...

Photodissociation of O3 around 309 nm

Measurement of the light absorbing properties of diesel exhaust particles using a three-wavelength photoacoustic spectrometer

The photodissociation of iodine monochloride at 235 nm

Aerosol formation in toluene–NOx–air–photoirradiation systems was examined in a 6-m3 photochemical reaction chamber. The initial toluene concentration was varied between 2 and 16 ppmv, whereas the ...

Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation during the Photo-Oxidation of Toluene : Dependence on Initial Hydrocarbon Concentration

The laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of diatomic sulfur are studied in a supersonic free jet which is expanded from a high temperature nozzle source of 800 K. The lifetime separation method is advantageously combined with the LIF detection in the supersonic free jet. The weak B″ 3Πu–X 3Σ−g band is thereby observed successfully in good distinction among the strong B 3Σ−u–X 3Σ−g band system. The rotational constants and term values of the vibronic levels v′=3–18 B″ 3Πu (F1,F2) are evaluated by a rotational analysis. An inspection of the intensity distribution among the observed spectral lines indicates that the B″ 3Πu–X 3Σ−g bands borrow intensity from B″ 3Σ−u–X 3Σ−g bands through homogeneous perturbations. The anomalous behavior of molecular constants, including the irregular vibronic dependence of the spin‐splitting constant of B 3Σ−u, is interpreted in terms of the perturbation from the B″ 3∏u state.

Yutaka Matsumi

Papers

Photodissociation of O3 around 309 nm

Measurement of the light absorbing properties of diesel exhaust particles using a three-wavelength photoacoustic spectrometer

The photodissociation of iodine monochloride at 235 nm

Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation during the Photo-Oxidation of Toluene : Dependence on Initial Hydrocarbon Concentration

Direct observation of the B″ 3Πu–X 3Σ−g transition of diatomic sulfur in a supersonic free jet