다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g −)(v=2, N=2)←X(3Σg −) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and ...

Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

/pdf/perfluoroalkyl-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-in-the-5lp7s687ay.pdf

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

/pdf/couplings-between-changes-in-the-climate-system-and-s80hl32kar.pdf

Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

An airborne instrument for fast-response, high-precision measurement of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) was developed using a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) resonance fluorescence technique. The excitation radiation is obtained by a DC discharge CO resonance lamp combined with an optical filter for the CO fourth positive band emission around 150 nm. The optical filter consists of a VUV monochromator and a crystalline quartz window (<147-nm cutoff). The crystalline quartz window ensures a sharp discrimination against wavelengths below 135.7 nm that yield a positive interference from water vapor. Laboratory tests showed that the optical system achieved a precision of 1. 1 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at a CO concentration of 100 ppbv for a 1-s integration period, and the flow system provided a response time (1/e time constant) of ∼2 s. The aircraft measurement campaign Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment-phase B (BIBLE-B) was conducted between August and September 1999 over the western Pacific and Australia. The flight data obtained during this campaign were used to demonstrate the high precision and fast response of the instrument. An intercomparison of the VUV CO measurement and a gas chromatographic CO measurement was conducted during BIBLE-B. Overall, these two independent measurements showed good agreement, within the experimental uncertainties.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2001JD000459

Airborne vacuum ultraviolet resonance fluorescence instrument for in situ measurement of CO

H and D atoms produced from the reaction of O( 1 D) with isotopically substituted methanols have been measured by laser-induced fluorescence at 121.6 nm. At a collision energy of 7.3 kcal/mol, the product isotope ratios [H]/[D] are 0.26±0.03 and 7.1±0.8 for the reaction of O( 1 D) with CH 3 OD and CD 3 OH, respectively. Measured isotopic branching ratios are discussed in terms of the site-selective attack of O( 1 D) atoms to the C-H bond followed by preferential breaking of the new O-H bond

Isotopic Branching Ratios and Translational Energy Release of H and D Atoms in the Reaction of O(1D) with CH3OD and CD3OH

The collisions of translationally hot O(1D) with O2 result in two processes, translational energy relaxation and electronic quenching to O(3P). These two processes were studied in a gas cell at room temperature using the vacuum ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence technique. The initial hot O(1D) atoms were produced by the photodissociation of N2O at 193 nm, which have average translational energies of 18.1 kcal mol-1 in the laboratory frame. Time-resolved measurements of the Doppler profiles for the hot O(1D) atoms revealed the translational energy relaxation process, whereas the quenching process was investigated by measuring both the decrease of the O(1D) concentration and the increase of the product O(3P) concentration at various delay times after the photochemical formation of the hot O(1D) atoms. From the simulation employing an elastic hard-sphere collision model with a Monte Carlo method, the hard-sphere diameter for the translational energy relaxation process of hot O(1D) by collisions with O2 ...

Relaxation Processes of Translationally Hot O(1D) by Collisions with O2

[1] The steady state translational energy distributions of O(1D) in the stratosphere between 20 and 50 km have been studied by laboratory experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that at all altitudes studied the translational energies of stratospheric O(1D) are distributed at high energies more than the Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions of the local temperatures. The predominant source of stratospheric O(1D) atoms is the solar UV photolysis of ozone, and the nascent O(1D) atoms produced have large translational energies due to the excess energy. The average translational energy of O(1D), for instance, at the altitude of 50 km, is found to be about twice as large as the thermal energy at the temperature of the ambient air. The nonthermal steady state translational energy distributions of O(1D) atoms result from the relatively slow translational energy relaxation process compared with the electronic quenching process (1D → 3P) by collisions with ambient air molecules (N2 and O2). It is suggested that the atmospheric reactions involving O(1D) atoms in the stratosphere proceed under nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium conditions.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2001JD001270

Nonthermal steady state translational energy distributions of O(1D) atoms in the stratosphere

Photofragment iodine atoms and methyl radicals from the photodissociation of small clusters of methyl iodide at 266 nm were detected, using ion photofragment imaging spectroscopy. Three different components of the I+ image were observed with average laboratory translational energies of the I fragments, = 2, 16, and 25 kcal mol−1 and anisotropy parameters, β = 0, 2.0 ± 0.6, and 2.1 ± 0.5, respectively. Similarly, for CH3+three different components in the CH3+ image correspond to average laboratory translational energies, = 5, 25, and 38 kcal mol−1 and β = 0, 2.0 ± 0.2, and 2.2 ± 0.6, respectively. These results suggest the following reaction mechanisms; a) a CH3I chromophore in small clusters is excited to the A band (n,σ*) system of free CH3I, survives intact within the clusters and dissociates, b) dissociation of the CH3I moiety in the small clusters that have two adjacent iodine atoms results in the formation of slow photofragment iodine atoms and fast methyl radicals, and c) dissociatio...

Yutaka Matsumi

Papers

Airborne vacuum ultraviolet resonance fluorescence instrument for in situ measurement of CO

Isotopic Branching Ratios and Translational Energy Release of H and D Atoms in the Reaction of O(1D) with CH3OD and CD3OH

Relaxation Processes of Translationally Hot O(1D) by Collisions with O2

Nonthermal steady state translational energy distributions of O(1D) atoms in the stratosphere

Ion Fragment Imaging of the Photodissociation of Methyl Iodide Small Clusters at 266 nm.