Zachary A. Caddick

TL;DR: In this article, the authors conduct a review of the evidence surrounding the optimal characteristics for the sleep environment in the categories of noise, temperature, lighting, and air quality in order to provide specific recommendations for each of these components.

TL;DR: There are wide individual differences in the preferred sleep environment; therefore modifiable sleeping compartments are necessary to ensure all crewmembers are able to select personalized configurations for optimal sleep.

TL;DR: Caddick et al. as discussed by the authors examined ideological, psychological, and demographic predictors of motivated reasoning and found higher levels of dogmatism and lower levels of neuroticism in those engaging in motivated reasoning.

TL;DR: The authors investigated the role of prior preferences in causal learning and found evidence of motivated reasoning despite financial incentives for accuracy, and showed that having neutral preferences (e.g., preferring neither increased nor decreased spending on border security) would lead to more accurate assessments overall compared to having a strong initial preference; however, they did not find evidence for such an effect.

TL;DR: Motivated reasoning occurs when we reason differently about evidence that supports our prior beliefs than when it contradicts those beliefs as mentioned in this paper, i.e., when it is contrary to our beliefs.