Abstract Excessive consumption of synthetic food dyes by children may raise concerns about their health. These dyes may aggravate the hyperactivity symptoms and exacerbate asthma in sensitive children. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of sunset yellow and quinoline yellow dyes, as well as tartrazine in dairy‐free fruit ice cream, freeze pop, jelly, and candy. Additionally, we evaluated the amount of two food dyes consumed by children. To do so, a total of 150 food samples, including 20 dairy‐free fruit ice creams, 25 freeze pops, 57 jelly products, and 48 types of candy were randomly selected from stores in Shiraz, Iran. Then, using the high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and an ultraviolet (UV) detector, we measured the amounts of sunset yellow and quinoline yellow dyes and identified the use of tartrazine. Also, the per capita consumption (grams per day) of the mentioned foods was calculated using a checklist in two groups of male and female primary schoolchildren aged 6–9 years and 10–13 years in Shiraz, Iran. According to the results, 11 (7.33%) samples contained only tartrazine and 107 (71.33%) samples contained quinoline yellow and sunset yellow synthetic dyes. In addition, of 107 samples that used quinoline yellow and sunset yellow, 102 (95.33%) contained unauthorized tartrazine. Only seven (6.54%) samples contained exceedingly high concentrations of authorized quinoline yellow and sunset yellow synthetic dyes. However, the exposure assessment showed that the intake of quinoline yellow and sunset yellow was at average levels and the 95th percentile in both age groups was less than the associated acceptable daily intake (ADI). For synthetic dyes, the target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were less than one, indicating that ingestion of these two dyes via food products does not pose a risk to children's overall health.

Identification of Tartrazine adulteration and evaluating exposure to synthetic dyes of sunset yellow and Quinoline yellow through consumption of food products among children

 Fruit leather is a processed food product in the form of thin sheets made from fruit and through a drying process. Pineapple is a tropical fruit that is popular among the public, but it is perishable. In this study, gotu kola (Centella asiatica) and pectin were added to increase the nutritional content and health benefits of fruit leather. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the addition of gotu kola and pectin on the physicochemical and sensory properties of pineapple fruit leather and to find out the best concentration of gotu kola and pectin addition in making pineapple fruit leather based on these physicochemical and sensory properties. The study used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with factor the addition of gotu kola concentrations and factor the addition of pectin. Observations were made on physicochemical properties including thickness, water content, Aw, pH, vitamin C, and color, as well as sensory properties, towards the color, taste, aroma, and texture of fruit leather. The data from the study were analyzed statistically with ANOVA and DMRT at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the addition of gotu kola and pectin and the interaction of the two did not affect the water content, Aw, vitamin C, and the degree of redness (a), but the addition of gotu kola affected the pH value, brightness (L), yellowish degree (b), and sensory value of pineapple fruit leather. The best treatment was C1P1 with a water content of 20.31%, an Aw value of 0.56, a pH value of 4.21, a vitamin C content of 23.65 mg / 100 g, a brightness (L) of 50.63, a degree of redness (a) of 4.66, a degree of yellowness (b), and sensory favored by the panelists.

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ANALISIS SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA DAN SENSORI FRUIT LEATHER NANAS DENGAN PENAMBAHAN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica L. Urban)

\n\nThe color of food products is one of the most important factors proposed by\nthe consumer. Therefore, incorporation of coloring agents into food dates back to ancient times.\nNowadays, various types of synthetic dyes are produced and widely used as part of formulations of\nfood products to increase customer’s interest As the safety of this material is questionable, many of\nthem are banned, or the level of their use is limited by the authorities. Among them, saffron is the only\nfood color permitted for use in Nabat as a traditional rock candy which is mostly consumed in\nIran. Therefore, the current investigation was aimed to determine the levels of artificial colors in\ntraditional hard candy (Nabat) manufactured by organized and unorganized sectors distributed in\nTehran.\n\n\n\nIn this regard, 137 samples, (68 samples from unorganized sector and 69 samples from the\norganized sector), were collected in summer 2016. Analysis of samples was done according to the\nIranian national standard through thin layer chromatography method. Also, the High-performance\nthin layer chromatography was used for reanalyzing five samples.\n\n\n\nFindings showed that 64.7% of unorganized rock candy contained artificial food colors that\n26.53% of these dyes are banned. About 5.8% of samples from the organized sector contained synthetic\ndyes that 25% of them are forbidden. The most commonly used color in both groups was defined\nas quinoline yellow.\n\n\n\nThe high percentage of synthetic food color usage in unorganized sectors urges the necessity\nto control them, especially the incorporation of synthetic food dyes in Nabat. Therefore, the\ntraining providers and consumers and the monitoring of the production, have encouraged the manufacturers\nto develop and deploy health professionals and health license.\n

Determination and Evaluation of Natural and Synthetic Dyes in Traditional Rock Candies (Nabat) Distributed in Tehran

Background: Fruit leathers are nutritional products that are made by dehydrating a thin layer of fruit puree or juice under specific conditions, to obtain a chewy snack. Usually, the sun drying system is used to make traditional leathers, consequently takes a relatively long time and infections may occur during this period. Objectives: The aim of this work was to assess the chemical and microbial quality of traditional fruit leathers. Methods: In this study, 30 traditional sample leathers were obtained from the local market of Tehran. The pH, moisture, and microbiological load were measured in calculated samples. The pH was determined using a pH meter and moisture content values of all fruit leather samples were determined using the AOAC official method. For the assessment of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and mold, dilutions were prepared and inoculated, followed by incubation for two and seven days at 37°C and 25°C, respectively. Also, this research used Green Bile Broth Brilliant Culture medium and most probable number (MPN) method for E. coli detection. Results: The measured pH of the samples was in the range of 2.3 to 3.6 and 56% of the samples had a higher moisture content than the standard. Measuring the microbial load of the samples showed that they were over-contaminated in 16% of cases. Also, E. coli was identified in four samples. Conclusions: This study showed that the high microbial load of traditional leathers, due to unhealthy production, is predictable. Thus, the correction of the traditional method for this product is recommended.

The Assessment of Physical and Microbial Properties of Traditional Fruit Leathers in Tehran

Background: Diagnostic radiology studies in children harbor more radiation hazards than in adults due to their small size and higher cellular proliferation rate. Therefore, reducing the radiation burden to children should be top priority. Measurement of radiation dose is the first step to this goal. Nevertheless, we do not know whether the radiation of portable radiographs at our hospital meets the standards or not. Objectives: This study aims at measuring the primary and scattered radiation at different distances from patients. This eventually would help us to keep the radiation to minimum. Methods: This study was conducted on 84 patients from 4 different wards (U1-U2) in our hospital in 2017. After obtaining ethical approval from ethical committee and also written consent from parents, all patients who needed portable X-ray were included in our study. A thermo-luminescent dosimeter was placed on the patient’s chest to measure the entrance surface dose (ESD), while Geiger-Muller dosimeters located at one and two-meter distances from the X-ray tube used to scale the scattered radiation. Then, data were analyzed in SPSS 16. Results: The average ESD was 0.3873, 0.3867, 0.3700, and 0.4033 millisievert (mSv) in U1 to U4 respectively, whereas the scattered radiation doses measured as 0.00986, 0.00750, 0.01250, 0.1014 at one-meter and 0.00250, 0.00220, 0.00238, 0.00314 mSv at two-meter distances. There was no significant difference in radiation dose between those units (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Radiation received by patients in this study was three to four times higher than the standard dose. Significant scattered radiation was also detected at one and two-meter distances. To reduce radiation, improvement of exposure protocols such as reducing mAs and using proper shielding is emphasized.

Zahra Sadeghi

Papers

Determination and Evaluation of Natural and Synthetic Dyes in Traditional Rock Candies (Nabat) Distributed in Tehran

The Assessment of Physical and Microbial Properties of Traditional Fruit Leathers in Tehran

Radiation Safety in Children in Children’s Medical Center Hospital