Showing papers presented at "Web Reasoning and Rule Systems in 2021"

Telepathic Visions: On Alvin Yapan’s An Kubo sa Kawayanan (2015)

Abstract: This article considers the practice of encouraged gazing in Alvin Yapan's An Kubo sa Kawayanan (“The Hut in the Bamboo Grove”) (2015) as a possible exercise on revering things. As such, it is wagered to be instructive towards a reunderstanding of vision as a form of material encounter with things beyond their mere objectification. Sense of sight is argued to be a human telepathic ability, that is, a distance (tele) feeling (pathein) with and for thigns, despite and because of their indeterminate materialities. Through looking closely at the rhetorical engagements of Yapan's Kubo with its various viewers and critics, the essay attempts to articulate that such telepathic work can be an instance of enchantment with things, wherein one becomes most permeable to the vitalities of others. At the same time, this is also deemed as a consequence of one's active practicing of careful atttention to these materialities performing their own vitalities in the same ecology, no matter how seemingly imperceptible.

Dialektyka erystyczna jako sztuka unikania rozmówców nieadekwatnych

Abstract: The article aims at an in-depth interpretation of Arthur Schopenhauer’s views on “the eristic controversy,” perceived by the philosopher as definitely the most widespread type of discussion. Upon reading “Eristische Dialektik. Die Kunst Recht zu Behalten”,“Zur Logik und Dialektik” and “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung” it is possible to conclude that according to Schopenhauer the dispute should be significant primarily in an epistemological sense, which requires the interlocutors to meet the preconditions regarding knowledge, honesty and reliability. The fundamental principle of the art of discussion is the proper selection of co-discussants and the consistent avoidance of conversations with anyone who is incapable to discuss (as long as it is possible to decide on the choice of an interlocutor). The author indicates that Schopenhauer most likely treated the principle of avoiding inadequate interlocutors as a general directive relating to all types of disputes. This interpretation opens the question of possible applications of this principle in contemporaryliberal-democratic discourses.

Projecting a Future Present: Greta Thunberg’s use of Presence at the United Nations Climate Action Summit 2019

Abstract: Rhetoricians have long realized that crises are, in part, the product of audience perception and therefore rhetorical choice. In this article I will demonstrate that the speech that Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg gave at the 2019 United Nations Climate Action Summit employs presence to not only transcend her own person, but time itself, and presents climate catastrophe as a future present that should be avoided at all cost.

EMPODERAMENTO DAS MULHERES ATRAVÉS DE CAMPANHAS CONTRA A VIOLÊNCIA: Female empowerment through anti-violence campaigns

Abstract: Marketing Social e o uso das ferramentas do Mix de Marketing para trazer mudancas positivas para a sociedade, numa causa sem fins lucrativos. Ele e comumente utilizado por governos em estrategias como campanhas antitabagistas, contra a direcao alcoolizada e combate a doencas. A Lei Maria da Penha e a Campanha Ligue 180 sao exemplos de campanhas de marketing social voltadas ao empoderamento feminino. Este trabalho buscou avaliar os resultados destas campanhas nas vidas de duas geracoes de mulheres. Divididas em dois grupos etarios e entrevistadas, pode-se entender o que estas mulheres entendem empoderamento como liberdade de expressao e tratamento igualitario; que nao acreditam na efetividade das leis de protecao a mulher; e que, apesar de nao acabarem com o problema, ao menos as campanhas ajudam a conscientizar a mulher em estado de risco sobre como pedir auxilio. Devido a metodologia e carater homogeneo da amostra, este estudo nao pode ser generalizado. Palavras-chave: Empoderamento. Mulher. Violencia. Abstract Social Marketing is the use of Marketing Mix tools in order to bring positive change to society, with no lucrative goals. It is most commonly used by governments in strategies such as anti-smoking campaigns, anti-drunk driving and for fighting diseases. The Maria da Penha Law and the Ligue 180 Campaign are examples of social marketing campaigns aimed towards empowering women. This paper sought to measure the results of these campaigns in the lives of two generations of women. They were divided by age and interviewed, allowing us to understand that they saw empowerment as freedom of speech and egalitarian treatment; that the laws don’t protect women as they should; and, even though the campaigns don’t solve the problems, at least they bring awareness to abused women that they can seek help. Due to the methodology and homogeneity of the sample used, this study cannot be generalized. Keywords: Empowerment. Woman. Violence.

Aggressive rhetoric in Croatian post-election political discourse

Abstract: Aggressive rhetoric in Croatian political discourse became particularly prominent during the parliamentary election in 2015. A deep polarization of society yielded a new political option, one of the strongest since the beginning of Croatian independence in 1990. After the great election success, MOST got the opportunity to form the new Croatian Government either with HDZ or SDP, the two most influential parties in Croatia. This situation caused enormous tension in the postelection period and consequently intensified the politicians’ aggressive rhetoric. The aim of this study is to describe, interpret and explicate linguistic and rhetorical devices which contributed to the aggressiveness, and ultimately conclude which of the political options listed above is the most aggressive.

Multimodalność jako narzędzie perswazji w nowej ewangelizacji i katechizacji (na przykładzie vloga „Mocno stronniczy” ojców Adama Szustaka i Tomasza Nowaka)

Abstract: Mediatization of religious experience manifests itself in the use of many semiotic codes. This phenomenon, referred to as multimodality, is discussed on the example of the vlog “Mocno stronniczy”. Various codes are used in this cycle, incl. verbal, graphic, sound and visual. They increase the rhetorical value of the message because they serve to establish contact with the audience and engage them intellectually and emotionally, as well as creating the ethos of the speakers.

CENTRO DE MEMÓRIA DA PARÓQUIA DE NOSSA SENHORA DA CONCEIÇÃO: Irmandade Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Freguesia de Vassouras “Dr. Joaquim José Teixeira Leite”

Abstract: Resumo Neste artigo apresentamos o Centro de Memoria da Paroquia de Nossa Senhora da Conceicao e da Irmandade Nossa Senhora da Conceicao, da Freguesia de Vassouras, a partir da organizacao dos livros de registros e processos de matrimonio e administrativos desta Freguesia criada em 1837. Justificamos a necessidade da criacao deste espaco de pesquisa, devido ao numero crescente de pesquisas cientificas relacionadas ao Vale do Paraiba Fluminense nas duas ultimas decadas, especialmente sobre a cidade de Vassouras-RJ. Para inclusao de documentos ineditos no Acervo, aplicamos a mesma metodologia desenvolvida pelo Centro de Documentacao Historica da Universidade Severino Sombra (CDH/USS), uma vez que a codificacao da documentacao ja foi citada em trabalhos de pesquisa durante o tempo em que ficou no CDH e posteriormente no IPHAN. O principal embasamento teorico esta em Michel Foucault e Jacques Le Goff, que “a partir do modo como se fez no seculo XX a critica da nocao do facto historico, que nao e um objeto que surge concluido visto resultar da construcao do historiador, assim se faz hoje a critica da nocao de documento, que nao e um documento bruto, objetivo e inocente, mas que exprime o poder da sociedade do passado sobre a memoria e o futuro: o documento e um monumento”. E completam que “o proprio arquivo dos documentos sofreu uma revolucao com o recurso ao computador”. Com principal resultado temos a disponibilizacao do acervo online e a garantia desse acesso para pesquisadores e interessados na historia desta regiao do Vale do Paraiba Fluminense. Palavras-chave: Preservacao. Metodologia de Organizacao de Acervo. Igreja Catolica. Abstratc We present in this work the Memory Center of the Parish of Our Lady of the Conception and the Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Conception, of the Parish of Vassouras, from the organization of the books of records and processes of matrimony and administrative of this Parish created in 1837. We justify the necessity of the creation of this research space, due to the growing number of scientific researches related to the Paraiba River Valley (Southern Rio de Janeiro) in the last two decades, especially on the city of Vassouras-RJ. For inclusion of unpublished documents in the Collection, we apply the same methodology developed by the Historical Documentation Center of Severino Sombra University (CDH / USS), since the codification of the documentation was already cited in research papers during the time it was in the HRC and later at IPHAN. The main theoretical basis is in Michel Foucault and Jacques Le Goff, who "from the way in the twentieth century the criticism of the notion of historical fact, which is not an object that arises concluded as a result of the construction of the historian, today criticizes the notion of a document, which is not a crude, objective and innocent document, but which expresses the power of society of the past over memory and the future: the document is a monument. " And they add that "the document file itself underwent a revolution with the use of the computer". With main result we have the availability of the online collection and the guarantee of this access for researchers and interested in the history of this region of the Paraiba River Valley (Southern Rio de Janeiro). Keywords: Preservation. Collection Organization Methodology. Catholic Church.

Cinema and Environment: The Arts of Noticing in the Anthropocene

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to raise questions about how cinema can allow us to rethink our relationship with the environment in the context of what is known today as the Anthropocene. In the discussion, I chart the current debates about the ecological in the humanities, with a particular focus on new materialisms, to argue that cinema can be fruitfully thought of as part of what anthropologist Anna Tsing (2015) calls the “arts of noticing”. I then turn to a consideration of the potential influx of affect theories on ecocriticism and film studies, before sketching out possible approaches to studying film from an affective, new materialist and postanthropocentric perspective. These approaches might have wider implications for rhetorical perspectives on cinema, especially for those investigating emotional appeals.

Kairos and actio – a rhetorical approach to timing

Abstract: This article explores timing, kairos, in human interaction by analyzing nonverbal communication. The skill of timing, being able to do “the right thing at the right time,” is important for rhetorical agency. What are the silent processes in human interaction, and how do they influence the possibility for a kairotic moment to occur? Empirical material consisting of theater rehearsals has been analyzed. The findings show that the actio qualities: tempo and energy, as well as phronesis, are important factors for the appearance of a kairotic moment.

AS MULHERES NEGRAS E A VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA AS MULHERES: Representação e representatividade

Abstract: O presente artigo visa refletir acerca da violencia contra a mulher, pensando especificamente na necessidade do recorte racial na tratativa dessa tematica. Entendendo a raca e a racializacao da populacao brasileira como um ponto de partida para a compreensao da exploracao e do estabelecimento das opressoes contra o povo negro e consequentemente da estruturacao da sociedade brasileira da forma como a conhecemos. Raca e violencia sao elementos que operam juntos na criacao e manutencao das hierarquias sociais, essenciais ao modo de producao capitalista, criam hierarquias inclusive no genero. Palavras-chave: Mulheres Negras. Violencia Contra Mulher. Representacao. Representatividade. Abstract This article aims to reflect on violence against women, specifically thinking about the need for a racial approach in dealing with this theme. Understanding the race and racialization of the Brazilian population as a starting point for understanding the exploitation and the establishment of oppression against the black people and consequently the structuring of Brazilian society as we know it. Race and violence are elements that operate together in the creation and maintenance of social hierarchies, essential to the capitalist mode of production, creating hierarchies even in gender. Keywords: Black Women. Violence Against Women. Representation. Representativeness.

The persuasive function of verbal and nonverbal metaphors in the Polish government's conference during the so-called third wave of the COVID-19 epidemic

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to show how verbal and non-verbal metaphors interact for a persuasive purpose. The research material is a video recording of the Polish government's conference concerning a wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2021). The results of the study conducted with the method of integrated communication analysis indicate the dominance of metaphors of war, natural disasters, power, and time.

Retoryka identyfikacji online. Na przykładzie koreańskiego zespołu BTS

Abstract: The paper aims to describe the concept of identification in relation to digital rhetoric. The examples of the activity of the Korean band BTS in the online media have demonstrated the means of identification between the rhetor (artists) and the audience (fans) at the level of shared experiences, emotions and actions.

El Paisaje Lingüístico como herramienta pedagógica para la enseñanza de la lingüística: un estudio de caso en la confección de blogs especializados en español

Abstract: La explotacion didactica del Paisaje Linguistico (PL) es una de las corrientes mas fructiferas en los estudios actuales sobre PL, habiendose utilizado positivamente para la ensenanza de lenguas extranjeras, incluido el espanol, y en la ensenanza misma de (socio)linguistica. Tras trazar un breve estado de la cuestion, en este trabajo se explica con detalle, cualitativa y reflexivamente, el caso de una experiencia pedagogica aplicada a un grupo de estudiantes de grado de Estados Unidos dentro de un programa de inmersion en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, siendo la mitad hablantes de herencia hispanica (principalmente mexicana), que necesitan una aproximacion educativa especifica. La experiencia consistio en la creacion de un blog especializado de clase que incluia diversas tareas de localizacion, fotografiado y analisis de signos del PL cercano dentro de la asignatura de Introduccion a la Linguistica Hispanica. El resultado fue claramente positivo, aunque tambien se detectan posibilidades de mejora.

Authentic Deception or the Ethos Paradox of Social Media Influencers: Female Emirati Consumers’ Perception of Instagram Models

Abstract: Instagram is the fastest rising social medium used by young people in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and therefore constitutes a superb means for companies to advertise their brands. To better inform the selection of the most well-targeted and effective models for advertising products, this research first analyzed UAE-based Instagram posts to explore the types of models used for different types of advertising content on Instagram. Individual interviews were then conducted with Emirati women consumers to determine the criteria they use when reviewing Instagram models in terms of the intention to purchase. Results reveal that there are three archetypal models connected with product ranges relating to (1) beauty, (2) health, and (3) fashion. Four determining factors in purchase decisions emerged, namely, (1) product effect, (2) product display, (3) the modesty of the models, and (4) the pose of the models. These last two, and most notably, the modesty of the model, is perhaps somewhat uniquely relevant to the region given the primacy of female modesty within the Islamic canon. Moreover, the majority of women interviewed stressed that they favor models who exemplify a realistic lifestyle and authentic beauty. While the goal of effortless perfection is a common one, this objective may be more dominant in this socio-cultural region, given the Islamic prescriptions on female modesty. Such a desire for an effortless perfection and authentic deception characterizes the essence of the ethos paradox of Instagram models. The value of this empirical investigation is that it highlights a potential pitfall for advertisers in making the assumption that featuring strong influencers in their advertising is necessarily an enhancement of sales potential. Moreover, it illustrates how Instagram endorsement functions in this geopolitical context and offers guidelines for optimizing Instagram advertising.

Conceptual silencing as a rhetorical tool. A cognitive lexical semantics study of the lexical item Europe

Abstract: Taking a cognitive lexical semantics perspective, the article introduces the concept of conceptual silencing as a rhetorical tool. Understood as a process of conceptual dissolution of meaning to offer a more coarse-grained sense of an expression, conceptual silencing is demonstrated to have a potential rhetorical value in that it allows for more opaque reproduction of ideology. From a cognitive linguistic standpoint, the process of conceptual silencing hinges upon a polysemous nature of a lexical item and boils down to triggering a given sense of a given lexical item in a given context. To illustrate the workings of conceptual silencing, the article reports on a case study of the lexical item Europe in the Guardian press discourse. It is demonstrated that the ultimate effect of conceptual silencing is silencing the ‘European Union’ senses under the guise of the lexical item Europe.

That's the Wonder of It": Affective Dimensions of Visual Rhetoric for Biodiversity Conservation"

Abstract: In environmental communication, audience engagement is an essential prerequisite for achieving persuasive aims. This article responds to recent interest in visual storytelling and emotionalization – purposeful display and elicitation of emotions – as engagement techniques. A case study of the 2020 Global Biodiversity Festival – part online science festival, part fundraising event – provides evidence of how these techniques are employed in environmental communication for biodiversity conservation. Informed by scholarship on affect, emotion, visual rhetoric, and environmental communication, the case study analysis shows how visual representations of nature, mediated experiences of nature, and accompanying narration orient festival audiences toward specific ways of seeing and feeling that foreground emotional commitments and draw audiences into potentially transformative encounters. The visual rhetoric and affective dimensions of the festival’s website, virtual fi eld trips, and multimodal presentations focus attention, create moments of connection, and call audiences to action. The case study analysis also reveals how the festival, planned in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, treats this crisis as a kairotic moment for encouraging awareness, care, and pro-environmental behaviors.

Feminicídio como reflexo da cultura de objetificação e dominação da mulher

Abstract: Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar o crime de feminicidio, recentemente tipificado no Codigo Penal brasileiro pela Lei no 13.104/2015. Busca-se abordar a violencia contra a mulher em uma perspectiva historica, no âmbito social e domestico, o conceito de feminicidio, o tratamento no direito penal e sua relevância juridica. Palavras-chave:Direito Penal. Violencia Contra a Mulher. Feminicidio. Abstract This article aims to address the crime of feminicide, recently typified in the Brazilian Penal Code by Law No. 13.104/2015. It seeks to address violence against women from a historical perspective, in the social and domestic sphere, bringing the concept of feminicide, the treatment by criminal law and its legal relevance. Keywords: Criminal Law. Violence Against Women. Feminicide.

NosRelacionamosEnRed. Proyecto de intervención en situaciones de aislamiento social

Abstract: Se presenta en este articulo #NosRelacionamosEnRed, un proyecto de intervencion social creado por los grupos GIELEN y ELENyA de la Universidad de Alcala para estudiar el impacto del confinamiento en el hogar y aislamiento social de aquellos ninos y adolescentes que se encontraban en el ano 2020 en un proceso incipiente de integracion sociolinguistica y cultural, y proponer acciones conjuntas con los profesionales de la educacion. Se exponen, ademas, los resultados de la primera fase del proyecto, fruto del analisis de la informacion generada a traves de las redes sociales, y se advierte la necesidad de continuar investigando para encontrar propuestas educativas que ayuden a paliar la posible brecha en la integracion que pudiera haberse producido durante el confinamiento en el hogar.

Rhetorical strategies of counter-journalism: How American YouTubers are challenging dominant media election narratives

Abstract: The standards and practices in journalism that best serve democratic deliberation remain a matter of intense scrutiny in the digital age. The United States has a long history of journalists exposing self-interested behaviors of political or corporate elites with investigative journalism. With online media, journalistic practices encompass fact-checking against a variety of sources, and countering the claims of other journalists from competing outlets. This article aims at delimiting the rhetorical properties of an emerging genre of YouTube counter-journalism. The study reports on a rhetorical and eristic analysis of the main patterns of countering in a sample of videos posted on YouTube on the subject of the US presidential campaign in spring 2020. The analysis reveals some ways in which YouTube journalists break down the dominant media narratives and present counterclaims and critiques, which is usually accompanied by fact-checking, showcasing evidence and providing alternative explanations or counterarguments. However, counter-journalism is not free from eristic devices that may misrepresent political issues for the subscribers.

La competencia lingüística en español (L1) en pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista: un estudio de caso

Abstract: El autismo es un trastorno del desarrollo que afecta a la comunicacion y a las interacciones sociales. Se caracteriza por la presencia de patrones conductuales rigidos y estereotipados, una gama limitada de intereses e importantes deficits linguisticos, que varian segun la gravedad de cada paciente. La primera parte del presente trabajo analiza que es el autismo y cuales son sus sintomas, poniendo enfasis sobre las deficiencias linguisticas y comunicativas. Asimismo, se consideran el diagnostico y las evaluaciones necesarias para detectar la presencia de dicho trastorno. La segunda parte del trabajo consiste en el analisis de un estudio de caso, un nino con autismo cuya lengua materna es el espanol, para determinar y analizar sus habilidades linguisticas y comparar los resultados con los conocimientos generales sobre el trastorno.

A relação entre violência de gênero e pandemia covid-19

Abstract: A violencia de genero tem perdurado ha anos gerando a necessidade de discutir os fatores desencadeadores e comuns nesse cenario, como, a relacao de poder e a relacao intima com o agressor. Nesse sentido, levando em consideracao o contexto atual, o presente estudo objetivou apresentar as discussoes de um grupo de estudo a respeito da relacao da pandemia e aumento do indice de violencia de genero. Foram levantadas algumas categorias para discutir o assunto, sendo: As faces da violencia baseada no genero; Isolamento social e violencia de genero; Estrategias para constatacao e diminuicao dos casos de violencia. E perceptivel que o fenomeno da violencia sempre existiu, porem, devido a alguns fatores do isolamento o deixou mais aparente e discutivel. Paravras-chave: Violencia de Genero. Pandemia Covid 19.Relacao de poder. Abstract Gender-based violence has persisted for years, generating the need to discuss the triggering and common factors in this scenario, such as the power relationship and the intimate relationship with the aggressor. In this sense, taking into account the current context, the present study aimed to present the discussions of a study group regarding the relationship of the pandemic and the in crease in the rate of gender violence. Some categories were raised to discuss the subject being: The faces of gender-based violence; Social isolation and gender violence; Strategies for finding and reducing cases of violence. It is notice able that the phenomenon of violence has always existed, but due to some isolation factors it has become more apparent and debatable. Keywords: Gender Violence. Pandemic Covid 19. The Power Relationship.

Trascendencia de la comunicación lingüística en el ámbito laboral. Orientaciones didácticas para Formación Profesional Básica

Abstract: La comunicacion linguistica es trascendente en el ambito laboral y por eso es materia comun en la Formacion Profesional Basica. Sin embargo, repasando los contenidos y criterios de evaluacion que plantea el curriculum educativo del modulo Comunicacion, observamos que no hay una atencion prioritaria a la comunicacion oral —la mas frecuente en el desempeno de cualquier oficio— y que su enfoque es descuidado desde un punto de vista conceptual y nada practico, pues plantea el estudio de generos ajenos al nivel y proyeccion de los estudiantes. En este articulo se critica este planteamiento formativo y se propone el estudio de la comunicacion linguistica con una orientacion funcional para cada empleo en particular, basada en el desarrollo del discurso oral, en la ampliacion del lexico especifico de las ramas profesionales y en el estudio de la entrevista y la conversacion formal. La educomunicacion se presenta como marco metodologico de la didactica.

Krytyczne studia nad dyskursem mediów publicznych na przykładzie „Wiadomości” TVP 1

Abstract: Based on the current theoretical studies devoted to contemporary propaganda, we offer an analysis of discourse categories are applied in “Wiadomości” TVP 1. The organized persuasive communication model together with the critical discourse studies approach was applied to analyse one of the leading news programs in Poland. Taking into account the results of the macro-structural analysis of the news discourse, we were able to determine thematic structure of the discourse which is dominated by politics. The micro-structural analysis revealed that one of the forms of strategic one-way consensual communication – persuasion – prevailed in the program in 2015, while forms of non-consensual communication – propaganda – were the most often applied in 2019.

Estilo comunicativo y estilo de vida del adolescente español

Abstract: Con la intencion de servir de alguna utilidad al profesor de Secundaria, se ha examinado la manera de hablar de los adolescentes espanoles actuales como extension de una manera de pensar y vivir. Ordenados jerarquicamente los diversos y heterogeneos rasgos de la variedad adolescente, postulamos un estilo comunicativo adolescente. Destacamos en el los enunciados metarrepresentativos, reflejo de una poderosa metacognicion, el dominio de las funciones expresiva y apelativa, asi como el papel de las redes sociales en la difusion y creacion de esta variedad. La relacion entre estilo comunicativo adolescente y su estilo de vida nos ha llevado a su lenguaje formulaico y a la busqueda de la identidad, que caracteriza esta etapa de la vida humana. A la vista de este panorama, las ultimas preguntas se dirigen a lo que puede ofrecer al profesor de Lengua y Literatura todo este estudio y lo que el puede hacer.

Desconsolidación de la democracia: retos contemporáneos y reflexiones para salvar nuestros Estados

Abstract: In this work, a review of the book “The People vs. Democracy” by Yascha Mounk will be made. In the first place, will be described the research problem identified by the author; and then briefly address each chapter, emphasizing the fundamental ideas found throughout the text. At the same time, is issued criticism regarding certain positions that should be put to debate. Finally, the conclusions reached by the author and what he has sought to convey throughout his book will be issued -without neglecting personal considerations about the subjectmainly approached by the author: the liberal democracy: legal institution relevant to Law.

Przekłady i parafrazy „Vitae Regum Polonorum” Klemensa Janicjusza od XVI do XVIII wieku – sposoby kreowania wizerunku doskonałego władcy

Abstract: The article offers an insight into the similarities and differences in the way of creating the images of a perfect ruler in the collection of Janicius' epigrams and the texts inspired by his work, written by S.F. Klonowic, J.A. Kmita, J. Gluchowski, M. Paszkowski and J. Bielski. The fact that these texts refer to the prototype to a varying degree, and, moreover, were written over the span of 200 years, makes the significance of individual epigrams evolve in subsequent collections (the assessment of the ruler’s deeds is softened or the criticism is sharpened). Moreover, the set of monarchs’ features is subject to modification by using four fundamental rhetorical operations (quadripartita ratio): addition (adiectio), omission (detractio), permutation (immutatio) and transposition (transmutatio).

Materiales didácticos para el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural en el aula de español como L2 en niños hablantes de namtrik

Abstract: Los materiales que se presentan a continuacion son el resultado de una investigacion acerca de las dificultades de aprendizaje del espanol como segunda lengua de ninos hablantes de namtrik, una lengua indigena actualmente hablada en el suroccidente de Colombia. Los ninos, en el momento en el que se realizo este estudio, estaban matriculados en el quinto ano de educacion primaria en la Institucion Educativa Misak Mama Manuela, una escuela bilingue que pertenece a la red educativa de la comunidad indigena misak, ubicada en el interior del Resguardo de Guambia. Para contextualizar los materiales, se describe, en primer lugar, la situacion actual de la escuela indigena bilingue colombiana dentro de la perspectiva de lo que han sido las politicas linguisticas del Estado colombiano a lo largo de su historia republicana; en segundo lugar, se detallan las caracteristicas del pueblo misak; y, en tercer lugar, se presenta la explicacion de la propuesta didactica, constituida por cuatro secuencias de actividades centradas en el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural.

Retoryczny patos w fotografiach nagrodzonych w konkursie Grand Press Photo w kategorii „Środowisko”

Abstract: The photographs awarded in the Grand Press Photo contest in the category of Environment contribute to raising social awareness about modern environmental problems and challenges. A rhetorical analysis of the selected photographs and photo-relations proves that the persuasive force of image when used as an emotional argument may influence the public opinion concerning the state of the environment and encourage the viewers to take pro-environmental action. The article presents the role of “strategic empathy” in the persuasive function of photojournalism.

Retoryczność newsów w polskich serwisach plotkarskich

Abstract: The article is an attempt to interpret how the operators of gossip websites in Poland tend to adapt traditional rhetorical means. The study bases on the subject literature, portal templates and selected news in order to extract repetitive communication activities and characteristic styles which allow the authors to attract and maintain the attention of readers, while achieving the intended communication and business goals. The previous research shows that, apart from linguistic and visual means of influence, the reception of gossip news is also significantly influenced by the social practice of gossiping, which reduces the awareness of recipients and changes their expectations regarding the truthfulness of the presented messages.

Cratos, Crisis and Cognition in Reference to Generative Anthropology and the Scene of Language/Culture Origin

Abstract: This article will interpret Cratos, a mythic character and rhetorical personification present in the works of Hesiod and Aeschylus, as a multilayered and metaphoric figure of cognition, defining him in reference to the hypothesis of the origin of language and culture advanced by Eric Gans’s Generative Anthropology. Cratos was a violent oppressor of Prometheus, involved in provoking a crisis among both gods and humanity. This faithful and ruthless performer of the will of Zeus is viewed here as representing one of the deeper cognitive layers of mythological transfer, that is, as a representation of deferred, but always and anywhere prevalent intra-specific violence, the fundamental source and testimony of crisis in human societies.