scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "Aalto University published in 1994"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, simultaneous observations of 3C 279 at radio, millimeter, near-infrared, optical, ultraviolet (with IUE) and X-ray (with ROSAT) wavelengths were obtained in 1992 December-1993 January during a three week pointing at the source by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.
Abstract: Simultaneous observations of 3C 279 at radio, millimeter, near-infrared, optical, ultraviolet (with IUE) and X-ray (with ROSAT) wavelengths were obtained in 1992 December-1993 January, during a three week pointing at the source by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. The blazar was in a quiescent or 'low' state during this period. Comparing the multiwavelength energy distribution to that from 1991 June, when 3C 279 was in its brightest recorded gamma-ray state, we find the following: (1) 3C 279 faded dramatically at all frequencies above 10(exp 14) Hz, while the flux variations at low frequencies (radio to millimeter wavelengths) were minor. (2) The near-infrared-optical-ultraviolet spectral shape was softer (steeper) in the quiescent state, and the X-ray spectra also appear softer, although the spectral indix measured by ROSAT refer to a lower energy band than that measured earlier with Ginga. (3) The ratio of the gamma-ray luminosity to that across all other frequencies decreased from a value of approximately equal to 10 in the flaring state to a value approximately equal to 1 in the quiescent state. These findings imply that the production of gamma-rays is closely related to the optical-ultraviolet continuum, in agreement with models where gamma-rays are produced through inverse Compton (IC) scattering by relativistic electrons emitting the synchrotron continuum. The observed nonlinear relation between the synchrotron and IC requires both a change in the electron spectrum and an associated change in the seed photons.

105 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make metatheoretical comparisons of four current research approaches into interorganizational marketing exchange in an attempt to theorize about theories, and lay out a foundation by discussing what interorganization marketing exchange means and why it is important.
Abstract: In this paper, I will make metatheoretical comparisons of four current research approaches into interorganizational marketing exchange in an attempt to theorize about theories. First I will lay out a foundation by discussing what interorganizational marketing exchange means and why it is important. Marketing is about understanding, creating, and managing exchange relationships between economic parties: manufacturers, service providers, various channel members, and final consumers. Interorganizational business exchange takes place between organizations and their representatives. Its forms range from single transactions to complex longterm relationships.

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the economic trade-offs between the investments in cargo handling and ship propulsion technologies are formally analyzed by taking the round trip frequency as the key to performance, and the theoretical analyses as well as the practical cases studied indicate that investments in Cargo Handling technology, such as automation of container terminal operations and hatchless selfloading ships, have indeed considerable profit-making potential for shipping companies.
Abstract: Conventionally, shipping companies have invested in large ships to achieve economies of scale. More recently, high speed ships have been proposed as a means of achieving timely service for customers and improving shipping performance. Yet another solution offered here is to boost the cargo handling speed at port allowing for a higher number of annual round trips. Both the cost efficiency and timeliness of shipping service can be improved. The economic trade‐offs between the investments in cargo handling and ship propulsion technologies are formally analysed by taking the round trip frequency as the key to performance. The theoretical analyses as well as the practical cases studied indicate that investments in cargo handling technology, such as automation of container terminal operations and hatchless self‐loading ships, have indeed considerable profit‐making potential for shipping companies. Other technology investment opportunities appear less promising: ship propulsion due to energy consumption and envi...

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that interpretations of what it means to be successful in a corporate culture, and the stories reflecting these ideals in organizational talk, can be a crucial means to an understanding of the phenomenon.

43 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an update through early 1994 of a similarly titled paper (Bank of Finland Discussion Papers 8/93), which gives a brief description of the evolution of the Finnish banking crisis and its handling.
Abstract: The paper is an update through early 1994 of a similarly titled paper (Bank of Finland Discussion Papers 8/93). It gives a brief description of the evolution of the Finnish banking crisis and its handling. In the first section, the salient features of the Finnish banking system are described. We then briefly discuss the liberalization process, macroeconomic and regulatory policies, and the subsequent credit boom and its development into a recession of unprecedented depth. Next, we document the impact on bank profitablity of the drastic changes in macroeconomic conditions. The collapse and rescue of, Skopbank are summarized. In section 2 we describe the public safety net, starting with the pre-crisis arrangements. This is followed by an exposition in section 3 of the, new measures taken in 1992 and 1993, with the emphasis on the establishment of the Government Guarantee Fund, its organization, powers and principles of operation. Section 4 gives an account of the support measures taken by the Goverment Guarantee Fund in the course of 1992 and the whole of 1993. Finally, in section 5, we discuss the banks' current economic environment and their prospects in the near future, now also brought forward into early 1994. The paper includes references to recent articles and discussion papers dealing with important aspects of the current banking crisis. The list of references is by no means exhaustive, and it is designed mainly to help foreign readers to find supplementary material. Therefore only those papers in Finnish or Swedish which have to do most with the current crisis are included.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a unified approach for determining the market value of any generic investment lottery, through the concept of a market utility function, is presented, which can be used to value both primary and derivative assets (whether traded or not), is applicable to both CAPM and non-CAPM economies, and does not rely on the ability to trade, replicate or otherwise justify risk neutral valuation in pricing contingent claims.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The process of how individuals make decisions in a deterministic, multiattribute decision environment is investigated in a large US university, where three faculty members made decisions and recommendations about accepting or rejecting applications for their department's Ph.D. program.

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A visual “free search” type of interactive procedure for multiple objective linear programming, which accounts for imprecision in the model by use of fuzziness, appears to lead to compromise policies acceptable to the decision-maker.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
B. Adeva1, Shafqat Ahmad2, A. Arvidson3, B. Badelek3  +163 moreInstitutions (26)
TL;DR: A muon beam polarimeter was built for the SMC experiment at the CERN SPS, for muon energies of 100 to 200 GeV as discussed by the authors, with a relative systematic accuracy of 3%.
Abstract: A muon beam polarimeter has been built for the SMC experiment at the CERN SPS, for muon energies of 100 to 200 GeV. The beam polarisation is determined from the energy spectrum of positrons from the decay μ + → e + ν c ν μ . A polarisation of − 0.82 is measured with a relative systematic accuracy of 3%.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the emerging discussion on corporate greening can be found in this article, where the pioneering authors are found to have drawn on a number of perspectives in their descriptions of the greening process, including the choice of an environmental strategy, reform in management systems, organisational change, cultural change and institutional change.
Abstract: This article reviews the emerging discussion on corporate greening The pioneering authors are found to have drawn on a number of perspectives in their descriptions of the greening process Their views emphasise the choice of an environmental strategy, reform in management systems, organisational change, cultural change and institutional change In spite of this conceptual diversity, the first accounts almost unanimously assume that greening will be, and should be, a top-down process starting from the top management and being implemented through formal measures This article suggest that these assumptions should be relaxed and both empirical research and managerial practice should be receptive to other varieties of greening, too In particular, informal and autonomous bottom-up processes may be very important in such a fundamental transition which greening may in some cases prove to be This argument is based conceptually on an institutional view on the logics of managerial action, and empirically on studies in other fields of managerial work and on a case study of environmental management in a Finnish chemicals company

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors obtained 10 nearly simultaneous multifrequency spectra during the course of the 3C 345 optical outburst in order to study the multifrequency spectral variations of 3C345 as a function of time.
Abstract: The blazar 3C 345 underwent a 2.5 mag optical outburst between 1990 November and 1991 May. We have obtained 10 nearly simultaneous multifrequency spectra during the course of the outburst in order to study the multifrequency spectral variations of 3C 345 as a function of time. Although our observations were not sampled frequently enough to completely resolve the variations in every frequency band, the general rise and decline of the outburst were seen in the UV through radio with differing rise times. Simulations of an electron distribution injected into a tangled magnetic field show a relationship between frequency and characteristic timescale that was also observed in the radio variations of 3C 345. The two X-ray observations made during the monitoring period showed no evidence of variability. The multifrequency spectrum was modeled with two major components: a relativistic jet and a relativistic thermal accretion disk. Models calculated for each spectrum indicate that the outburst can be explained in terms of these models by varying the high-energy cutoff of the injected electron distribution in the jet model, while also varying the mass accretion rate in the disk model. There is marginal evidence that the inferred accretion rate varies with the jet luminosity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated empirically how the information of the world's stock markets is reflected in the thin Finnish stock index futures and cash markets and found that the world-wide returns seem to have a significant leading ability for predicting Finnish stock market returns.
Abstract: This paper investigates empirically how the information of the world's stock markets is reflected in the thin Finnish stock index futures and cash markets. The world-wide returns seem to have a significant leading ability for predicting Finnish stock index futures returns. However, this kind of causal relation is not observed between the world-wide and stock market returns. The Finnish stock index futures returns then show significant Granger causality with Finnish stock market returns, the stock market being the lagging one. The relationship is improved by allowing the association between markets to be different for positive and negative returns. The findings of this study suggest short selling restrictions and other market frictions to be a significant factor leading to a delay in the pricing process in the stock market.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new measure of financial ratio closeness is developed in which the homogeneity of each International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) category is established, and the empirical results based on all the Finnish publicly traded firms indicate non-homogeneity of the industry classification categories in terms of financial ratios.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A simple approach is introduced for solving linearly constrained partial equilibrium models based on an iterative scheme similar to the simplex method that allows large-scale models to be solved, within a practical tolerance, efficiently even in a micro computer environment.
Abstract: The emphasis in this article is to exploit the fact that precision requirements for solutions of most economic models in practice are moderate only. A simple approach is introduced for solving linearly constrained partial equilibrium models based on an iterative scheme similar to the simplex method. It allows large-scale models to be solved, within a practical tolerance, efficiently even in a micro computer environment. Extensions to linearly constrained convex optimization problems are presented. Finally, a set of computational tests on 68 linear programs from the NETLIB library is reported. Comparison of our approach with the simplex method using MINOS 5.1 and with Karmarkar's algorithm is reported. For moderate precision requirements these preliminary results are highly encouraging.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the minimum sum of absolute errors (MSAE) criterion was proposed for estimating the unknown parameters of a multivariate multiple linear regression model, which is less sensitive to outliers than the popular least squares procedure.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
24 Oct 1994
TL;DR: An explorative review of marketing literature on the concept of service quality and the scales for measuring consumers' perceptions of it suggests it appears essential to use different scales for the different IS services; development, operations, and end-user support.
Abstract: We discuss a new instrument proposed for evaluating the quality of IS service processes and the quality of the people involved in addition to the more common evaluation of the end-product i.e. the information system. Our proposal is based on an explorative review of marketing literature on the concept of service quality and the scales for measuring consumers' perceptions of it. The findings are compared with measures proposed in information systems literature to evaluate information systems success, especially user information satisfaction. Evidence of the new scale's reliability and validity is presented based on a sample of 507 users of IS services in three large Finnish companies. These tests indicate that the users' perceptions of service processes and the people involved should he based on different factors, and that these perceptions differ significantly from the perceptions of the quality of the end-product. Furthermore, it appears essential to use different scales for the different IS services; development, operations, and end-user support. >

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the transformation process of the Svetogorsk paper mills in 1988-1992 under conditions of perestroika, and the subsequent eco-nomic reforms in the former Soviet Union.
Abstract: This article describes the transformation process of the Svetogorsk paper mills in 1988-1992 under conditions of perestroika, and the subsequent eco nomic reforms in the former Soviet Union. The study was carried out as a piece of action research, which means that crucial knowledge about the transformation was generated in the actual process of changing the produc tion and maintenance management of the mills.The decentralization of the planning system generated enthusiasm, opti mism and energy in the ranks of management. The results of the initial change efforts proved to be positive, and the most acute production prob lems were successfully resolved. But technical improvements and new main tenance practices were not enough. The instability and unpredictability of the institutional environment had destroyed the prerequisites for profitable business. The study provides some insight into the difficulties of organiza tional change under the conditions of a constantly changing environment and a weak internal ...



Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, an axially oriented whisker mount in a rectangular waveguide is investigated and the modeling formulation is based on the method of moments and verified by scaled model measurements.
Abstract: Embedding impedance of an axially oriented whisker mount in a rectangular waveguide is investigated and reported in this paper. The modeling formulation is based on the method of moments and verified by scaled model measurements.