Showing papers by "Aarhus University published in 1997"
TL;DR: Recent observations related to the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the role of the u‐PA system are discussed, suggesting that the system does not support tumor metastasis by the unrestricted enzyme activity of u‐ PA and plasmin and that pericellular molecular and functional interactions appear to allow temporal and spatial re‐organizations of the system during cell migration.
Abstract: The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) system consists of the serine proteinases plasmin and u-PA; the serpin inhibitors alpha2-anti-plasmin, PAI-1 and PAI-2; and the u-PA receptor (u-PAR). Two lines of evidence have strongly suggested an important and apparently causal role for the u-PA system in cancer metastasis: results from experimental model systems with animal tumor metastasis and the finding that high levels of u-PA, PAI-1 and u-PAR in many tumor types predict poor patient prognosis. We discuss here recent observations related to the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this role of the u-PA system. Many findings suggest that the system does not support tumor metastasis by the unrestricted enzyme activity of u-PA and plasmin. Rather, pericellular molecular and functional interactions between u-PA, u-PAR, PAI-1, extracellular matrix proteins, integrins, endocytosis receptors and growth factors appear to allow temporal and spatial re-organizations of the system during cell migration and a selective degradation of extracellular matrix proteins during invasion. Differential expression of components of the system by cancer and non-cancer cells, regulated by paracrine mechanisms, appear to determine the involvement of the system in cancer cell-directed tissue remodeling. A detailed knowledge of these processes is necessary for utilization of the therapeutic potential of interfering with the action of the system in cancers.
1,591 citations
TL;DR: The highly polarized AQP4 expression indicates that these cells are equipped with specific membrane domains that are specialized for water transport, thereby mediating the flow of water between glial cells and the cavities filled with CSF and the intravascular space.
Abstract: Membrane water transport is critically involved in brain volume homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of brain edema. The cDNA encoding aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel protein was recently isolated from rat brain. We used immunocytochemistry and high-resolution immunogold electron microscopy to identify the cells and membrane domains that mediate water flux through AQP4. The AQP4 protein is abundant in glial cells bordering the subarachnoidal space, ventricles, and blood vessels. AQP4 is also abundant in osmosensory areas, including the supraoptic nucleus and subfornical organ. Immunogold analysis demonstrated that AQP4 is restricted to glial membranes and to subpopulations of ependymal cells. AQP4 is particularly strongly expressed in glial membranes that are in direct contact with capillaries and pia. The highly polarized AQP4 expression indicates that these cells are equipped with specific membrane domains that are specialized for water transport, thereby mediating the flow of water between glial cells and the cavities filled with CSF and the intravascular space.
1,331 citations
TL;DR: A number of stochastic processes with normal inverse Gaussian marginals and various types of dependence structures are discussed, including Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type processes, superpositions of such processes and Stochastic volatility models in one and more dimensions.
Abstract: With the aim of modelling key stylized features of observational series from finance and turbulence a number of stochastic processes with normal inverse Gaussian marginals and various types of dependence structures are discussed. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type processes, superpositions of such processes and stochastic volatility models in one and more dimensions are considered in particular, and some discussion is given of the feasibility of making likelihood inference for these models.
1,323 citations
TL;DR: Sex and age were the main determinants of the total number of neurons in the human neocortex, whereas body size, per se, had no influence on neuron number.
Abstract: Modern stereological methods provide precise and reliable estimates of the number of neurons in specific regions of the brain. We decided to estimate the total number of neocortical neurons in the normal human brain and to analyze it with respect to the major macro- and microscopical structural components, to study the internal relationships of these components, and to quantitate the influence of important physiological variables on brain structure. The 94 brains reported represent a consecutive collection of brains from the general Danish population. The average numbers of neocortical neurons were 19 billion in female brains and 23 billion in male brains, a 16% difference. In our study, which covered the age range from 20 years to 90 years, approximately 10% of all neocortical neurons are lost over the life span in both sexes. Sex and age were the main determinants of the total number of neurons in the human neocortex, whereas body size, per se, had no influence on neuron number. Some of the data presented have been analyzed by using new mathematical designs. An equation predicting the total neocortical neuron number in any individual in which sex and age are known is provided.
1,162 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized how macrophytes influence the treatment processes in wetlands and concluded that the most important functions of the macrophyte in relation to the treatment of wastewater are the physical effects the presence of the plants gives rise to.
1,071 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of the normal inverse Gaussian distribution and the Levy process for modeling and analysing statistical data, with particular reference to extensive sets of observations from turbulence and from finance, is discussed.
Abstract: The normal inverse Gaussian distribution is defined as a variance-mean mixture of a normal distribution with the inverse Gaussian as the mixing distribution. The distribution determines an homogeneous Levy process, and this process is representable through subordination of Brownian motion by the inverse Gaussian process. The canonical, Levy type, decomposition of the process is determined. As a preparation for developments in the latter part of the paper the connection of the normal inverse Gaussian distribution to the classes of generalized hyperbolic and inverse Gaussian distributions is briefly reviewed. Then a discussion is begun of the potential of the normal inverse Gaussian distribution and Levy process for modelling and analysing statistical data, with particular reference to extensive sets of observations from turbulence and from finance. These areas of application imply a need for extending the inverse Gaussian Levy process so as to accommodate certain, frequently observed, temporal dependence structures. Some extensions, of the stochastic volatility type, are constructed via an observation-driven approach to state space modelling. At the end of the paper generalizations to multivariate settings are indicated.
998 citations
TL;DR: Complement activation through MBL, like the classical pathway, involves two serine proteases and may antedate the development of the specific immune system of vertebrates.
Abstract: The complement system comprises a complex array of enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins that is essential for the operation of the innate as well as the adaptive immune defence. The complement system can be activated in three ways: by the classical pathway which is initiated by antibody-antigen complexes, by the alternative pathway initiated by certain structures on microbial surfaces, and by an antibody-independent pathway that is initiated by the binding of mannan-binding lectin (MBL; first described as mannan-binding protein) to carbohydrates. MBL is structurally related to the complement C1 subcomponent, C1q, and seems to activate the complement system through an associated serine protease known as MASP (ref. 4) or p100 (ref. 5), which is similar to C1r and C1s of the classical pathway. MBL binds to specific carbohydrate structures found on the surface of a range of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, parasitic protozoa and viruses, and exhibits antibacterial activity through killing mediated by the terminal, lytic complement components or by promoting phagocytosis. The level of MBL in plasma is genetically determined, and deficiency is associated with frequent infections in childhood, and possibly also in adults (for review, see ref. 6). We have now identified a new MBL-associated serine protease (MASP-2) which shows a striking homology with the previously reported MASP (MASP-1) and the two C1q-associated serine proteases C1r and C1s. Thus complement activation through MBL, like the classical pathway, involves two serine proteases and may antedate the development of the specific immune system of vertebrates.
844 citations
TL;DR: The authors assessed the effect of English language experience on non-native speakers' production and perception of English vowels and found that the experienced nonnative subjects produced and perceived English vowel more accurately than did the relatively inexperienced nonnative subject.
773 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the parameters of the market-maker's beliefs can be estimated from trade data using the model structure of Easley and O'Hara, and they show how to extract information from both trade and no-trade intervals, and how intraday and interday data provide information.
Abstract: Using the model structure of Easley and O'Hara, we demonstrate how the parameters of the market-maker's beliefs can be estimated from trade data. We show how to extract information from both trade and no-trade intervals, and how intraday and interday data provide information. We derive and evaluate tests of model specification and estimate the information content of differential trade sizes. Our work provides a framework for testing extant microstructure models, shows how to extract the information contained in the trading process, and demonstrates the empirical importance of asymmetric information models for asset prices. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
755 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Efficient Method of Moments procedure was used to obtain consistent parameter estimates of continuous-time stochastic volatility diffusions for the U.S. risk-free short-term interest rate.
555 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that age, sex, ethnicity and the physiologic effects of poverty may represent biologic modifiers of the EBV association and confirmed that this association is strongly but variably linked to histologic subtype.
Abstract: Hodgkin's disease (HD) has long been suspected to have an infectious precursor, and indirect evidence has implicated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous herpesvirus, as a causal agent. Recent molecular studies using EBER in situ hybridization or latency membrane protein-I (LMP-I) immunohistochemistry have identified EBV latent infection in up to 50% of HD tumors. However, the epidemiologic features of these cases have not been examined in detail. To explore the epidemiology of EBV-positive HD so as to understand the role of EBV in HD etiology more clearly, this project accumulated patient data from 14 studies that had applied these EBV assays to HD tumors. With information on age at diagnosis, sex, ethnicity, histologic subtype, country of residence, clinical stage and EBV tumor status from 1,546 HD patients, we examined risk for EBV-positive disease using logistic regression. Forty percent of subjects had EBV-positive tumors, and EBV prevalence varied significantly across groups defined by the study variables. Odds ratios (OR) for EBV-associated HD were significantly elevated for Hispanics vs. whites (OR = 4.1), mixed cellularity vs. nodular sclerosis histologic subtypes (OR = 7.3, 13.4, 4.9 for ages 0-14, 15-49, 50+ years), children from economically less-developed vs. more-developed regions and young adult males vs. females (OR = 2.5). These findings suggest that age, sex, ethnicity and the physiologic effects of poverty may represent biologic modifiers of the EBV association and confirm that this association is strongly but variably linked to histologic subtype. The data augment biologic evidence that EBV is actively involved in HD pathogenesis in some cases but describe epidemiologic complexity in this process.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted in four European countries: France, Germany, Spain and the UK, where the authors analyzed how consumers evaluate the quality of beef in a purchase situation and found that the most important quality aspects of beef are that it tastes good, is tender, juicy, fresh, lean, healthy and nutritious.
TL;DR: The Hs1pro-1 locus confers resistance to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt), a major pest in the cultivation of sugar beet, which was cloned with the use of genome-specific satellite markers and chromosomal break-point analysis.
Abstract: The Hs1pro-1 locus confers resistance to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt), a major pest in the cultivation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The Hs1pro-1 gene was cloned with the use of genome-specific satellite markers and chromosomal break-point analysis. Expression of the corresponding complementary DNA in a susceptible sugar beet conferred resistance to infection with the beet cyst nematode. The native Hs1pro-1 gene, expressed in roots, encodes a 282-amino acid protein with imperfect leucine-rich repeats and a putative membrane-spanning segment, features similar to those of disease resistance genes previously cloned from higher plants.
TL;DR: High-temperature stress and the evolution of thermal resistance in Drosophila and the Plus ca change model explaining stasis and evolution in response to abiotic stress over geological timescales are explained.
Abstract: Extreme environments and adaptation.- The evolution of plants in metal-contaminated environments.- Responses of aquatic organisms to pollutant stress: Theoretical and practical implications.- Conifers from the cold.- Genetic variation and environmental stress.- Phenotypic plasticity and fluctuating asymmetry as responses to environmental stress in the butterflyBicyclus anynana.- Environmental stress and the expression of genetic variation.- Worldwide latitudinal clines for the alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster: What is the unit of selection?.- Stress and metabolic regulation inDrosophila.- Acclimation and response to thermal stress.- Phenotypic and evolutionary adaptation of a model bacterial system to stressful thermal environments.- Ecological and evolutionary physiology of heat shock proteins and the stress response inDrosophila: Complementary insights from genetic engineering and natural variation.- High-temperature stress and the evolution of thermal resistance inDrosophila.- Stress, selection and extinction.- Genetic and environmental stress, and the persistence of populations.- Adaptation and extinction in changing environments.- Environmental stress and evolution: A theoretical study.- Stress, developmental stability and sexual selection.- Evolution and stress.- Genetic variability and adaptation to stress.- Stress-resistance genotypes, metabolic efficiency and interpreting evolutionary change.- The Plus ca change model: Explaining stasis and evolution in response to abiotic stress over geological timescales.
TL;DR: Exercise of a chimeric receptor containing the cytoplasmic tail of gp95/sortilin demonstrates evidence that the tail conveys colocalization with the cation-independent mannose6-phosphate receptor in endosomes and the Golgi compartment.
TL;DR: The sites of expression of four aquaporins in the respiratory tract and glandular epithelia suggest that transalveolar water movement, modulation of airway surface liquid, air humidification, and generation of nasopharyngeal secretions involve a coordinated network of aquaporin water channels.
Abstract: The molecular pathways for fluid transport in pulmonary, oral, and nasal tissues are still unresolved. Here we use immunocytochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy to define the sites of expression of four aquaporins in the respiratory tract and glandular epithelia, where they reside in distinct, nonoverlapping sites. Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is present in apical and basolateral membranes of bronchial, tracheal, and nasopharyngeal vascular endothelium and fibroblasts. AQP5 is localized to the apical plasma membrane of type I pneumocytes and the apical plasma membranes of secretory epithelium in upper airway and salivary glands. In contrast, AQP3 is present in basal cells of tracheal and nasopharyngeal epithelium and is abundant in basolateral membranes of surface epithelial cells of nasal conchus. AQP4 resides in basolateral membranes of columnar cells of bronchial, tracheal, and nasopharyngeal epithelium; in nasal conchus AQP4 is restricted to basolateral membranes of a subset of intra- and subepithelial glands. These sites of expression suggest that transalveolar water movement, modulation of airway surface liquid, air humidification, and generation of nasopharyngeal secretions involve a coordinated network of aquaporin water channels.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss surface alloy phases and their stability based on surface phase diagrams constructed from the surface energy as a function of the surface composition and give self-consistent density-functional results for the segregation energy and surface mixing energy for all combinations of the transition and noble metals.
Abstract: We discuss surface alloy phases and their stability based on surface phase diagrams constructed from the surface energy as a function of the surface composition. We show that in the simplest cases of pseudomorphic overlayers there are four generic classes of systems, characterized by the sign of the heat of segregation from the bulk and the sign of the excess interactions between the atoms in the surface (the surface mixing energy). We also consider the more complicated cases with ordered surface phases, nonpseudomorphic overlayers, second layer segregation, and multilayers. The discussion is based on density-functional calculations using the coherent-potential approximation and on effective-medium theory. We give self-consistent density-functional results for the segregation energy and surface mixing energy for all combinations of the transition and noble metals. Finally we discuss in detail the cases Ag/Cu(100), Pt/Cu(111), Ag/Pt(111), Co/Cu(111), Fe/Cu(111), and Pd/Cu(110) in connection with available experimental results.
TL;DR: There was no relation between the patients' own opinion about similarity between preamputation pain and phantom pain and the actual similarity found when comparing pre‐ and postoperative recordings of pain.
Abstract: The significance of preamputation pain for the development of postamputation stump and phantom pain has been discussed over the years and is still a matter of dispute. It has been argued that preamputation pain increases the risk of phantom pain and that phantom pain is a revivification of pain experienced before the amputation. The purpose of this prospective study was to clarify the relation between preamputation pain and phantom pain. Fifty-six patients scheduled for amputation of a lower limb were interviewed the day before the amputation about preamputation pain and about stump and phantom pain 1 week, 3 and 6 months after the amputation. Pain was quantitated and described using a visual analogue scale (VAS), 10 different word descriptors, the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the patients' own words. If phantom pain was present patients were asked if the pain was similar to any pain experienced before the amputation. At each postoperative interview patients were asked to recall preamputation pain intensity. Location of pain and analgesic requirements were registered. Preamputation pain significantly increased the incidence of stump pain (P=0.04) and phantom pain (P=0.04) after 1 week and the incidence of phantom pain after 3 months (P=0.03). About 42% of the patients reported that their phantom pain resembled the pain they had experienced at the time of the amputation. However, there was no relation between the patients' own opinion about similarity between preamputation pain and phantom pain and the actual similarity found when comparing pre- and postoperative recordings of pain. Patients significantly overestimated preamputation pain intensity after 6 months.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that powder averaging using REPULSION converges faster than previous methods with respect to the number of crystallite orientations involved in the averaging and is particularly attractive for calculation of magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectra using a minimum of crystallites.
TL;DR: Muscle pain seems to cause a general protection of painful muscles during both static and dynamic contractions, and the increased EMG activity of the muscle antagonistic to the painful muscle is probably a functional adaptation of muscle co-ordination in order to limit movements.
Abstract: The relation between muscle pain, muscle activity, and muscle co-ordination is still controversial. The present human study investigates the influence of experimental muscle pain on resting, static, and dynamic muscle activity. In the resting and static experiments, the electromyography (EMG) activity and the contraction force of m. tibialis anterior were assessed before and after injection of 0.5 ml hypertonic saline (5%) into the same muscle. In the dynamic experiment, injections of 0.5 ml hypertonic saline (5%) were performed into either m. tibialis anterior (TA) or m. gastrocnemius (GA) and the muscle activity and co-ordination were investigated during gait on a treadmill by EMG recordings from m. TA and m. GA. At rest no evidence of EMG hyperactivity was found during muscle pain. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) during muscle pain was significantly lower than the control condition (P < 0.05). During a static contraction at 80% of the pre-pain MVC muscle pain caused a significant reduction in endurance time (P < 0.043). During dynamic contractions, muscle pain resulted in a significant decrease of the EMG activity in the muscle, agonistic to the painful muscle (P < 0.05), and a significant increase of the EMG activity of the muscle, antagonistic to the painful muscle (P < 0.05). Muscle pain seems to cause a general protection of painful muscles during both static and dynamic contractions. The increased EMG activity of the muscle antagonistic to the painful muscle is probably a functional adaptation of muscle co-ordination in order to limit movements. Modulation of muscle activity by muscle pain could be controlled via inhibition of muscles agonistic to the movement and/or excitation of muscles antagonistic to the movement. The present results are in accordance with the pain-adaptation model (Lund, J.P., Stohler, C.S. and Widmer, C.G. In: H. Vaeroy and H. Merskey (Eds.), Progress in Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 311-327.) which predicts increased activity of antagonistic muscle and decreased activity of agonistic muscle during experimental and clinical muscle pain.
TL;DR: Breakdown of bone around oral implants following occlusal overload or plaque accumulation was evaluated in monkeys and, additionally, a cotton cord was placed around the abutments of these implants to promote plaque accumulation.
Abstract: Breakdown of bone around oral implants following occlusal overload or plaque accumulation was evaluated in monkeys. 5 screw-type implants of pure titanium (Astra Tech) were inserted in the mandible of 4 monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis). 6 months after insertion of the implants a fixed partial prosthesis was mounted on the 2 implants in 1 of the lateral segments. The prosthesis was in supra-occlusal contact with an antagonizing splint and caused a lateral directed excessive occlusal load (overload). Implants retaining the prosthesis were brushed 1 x week and subgingival cleaning was performed 1 x month. The remaining implants were never cleaned and, additionally, a cotton cord was placed around the abutments of these implants to promote plaque accumulation. 6 out of 8 implants with occlusal overload became loose. 2 of these were lost, whereas the remaining 4 were retained in the jaws. After 18 months of occlusal load or plaque accumulation, the monkeys were sacrificed. Tissue blocks with the implants were infiltrated and embedded in acrylic resin. Approximately 50 microns thick sections of the implants and surrounding tissues were made. All implants with plaque accumulation were osseointegrated, but exhibited an average histologic marginal bone loss of 2.4 mm (range: 0.8-4.0 mm). Of the 6 implants with occlusal overload available for histologic analysis, 2 implants in 1 monkey had lost osseointegration completely and 2 other implants were osseointegrated in the apical part only, whereas the remaining 2 were still osseointegrated but exhibited a bone loss of 1.8-1.9 mm.
TL;DR: CMTF is a novel, reproducible technique for obtaining epithelial and corneal thickness measurements during clinical in vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea, and provides the first objective, quantitative approach for measurement and analysis of depth and thickness of corNEal sub-layers which may prove uniquely valuable in temporally assessing cornea function.
Abstract: Purpose. To study the feasibility of measuring total corneal thickness, as well as the thickness of the epithelium and Bowman's layer, using a novel in vivo confocal microscopy through-focusing (CM...
TL;DR: The findings show that the atrophy of the human white matter during ageing is probably caused by a loss of myelinated fibers with a small diameter.
TL;DR: It is suggested that serum inhibin B, in future population studies on male reproductive health, may serve as a new marker of spermatogenesis, in addition to sperm concentration and serum FSH, on the basis of data found in a Danish nationwide collaborative study.
Abstract: Recent studies have focused on reproductive health of men in the general population. However, semen samples are difficult to obtain within sampling frames that allow comparisons. Blood samples are easier to obtain than ejaculates. Therefore, serum biomarkers of spermatogenesis are of major interest for population studies. FSH has previously been used as a marker of spermatogenesis, although it is also influenced by the hypothalamus. Serum inhibin B was recently suggested as a possible, more direct serum marker of spermatogenesis in men with testicular disorders. In a Danish nationwide collaborative study, we found an unexpected difference in semen concentration between two groups of men recruited from two different centres. We, therefore, analyzed reproductive hormones in blood, including inhibin B, to test whether the observed difference in semen concentration was reflected in the reproductive hormones. From 1992 to 1995, a total of 430 men, 20-35 yr old, who lived with a partner and who had not previously attempted to achieve a pregnancy, were recruited. The couples were enrolled into the study in one of two centres (centre A, n = 231; and centre B, n = 199) when they discontinued birth control. At enrollment, they provided a semen sample (n = 419), and a blood sample was drawn (n = 349). The semen analysis was performed in accordance with the WHO 1992 guidelines, and interlaboratory differences were tested. Inhibin B was measured in an enzyme immunometric assay, which has previously been described. All blood samples were analyzed in the same laboratory. Median sperm concentration and the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa were significantly higher among men from centre A (56.0 mill/mL and 42.5%), compared with men from centre B (44.8 mill/mL and 39%). Men from centre B had a significantly higher median FSH (3.42 IU/L) and a lower inhibin B (186 pg/mL) than men from centre A (3.21 IU/L and 209 pg/mL). The differences persisted after control for potentially confounding variables. A significant correlation was found between the cubic root-transformed serum FSH and inhibin B levels (r = -0.61, P < 0.001), between the cubic root-transformed serum FSH and sperm concentration (r = -0.40, P < 0.001), and between the cubic root-transformed inhibin B and sperm concentration (r = 0.38, P < 0.001). The predictive power of detecting sperm counts below 20 mill/mL among men who's inhibin B and FSH both were below 80 pg/mL and above 10 IU/L, respectively, was 100%. The unexpected significant difference in semen concentration between two groups of normal Danish men was probably caused by differences in sampling procedures in the two centres where the men were recruited, rather than geographical differences. However, similar differences in serum levels of inhibin B and FSH between centres were found. These findings suggest that a real difference in spermatogenic potential between the two groups of men existed. We suggest that serum inhibin B, in future population studies on male reproductive health, may serve as a new marker of spermatogenesis, in addition to sperm concentration and serum FSH.
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the one and two-dimensional normal inverse Gaussian Levy process is studied in relation to German and Danish financial data and the uniform residuals are calculated by means of an algorithm which simulates random variables from the normal inverse GAussian distribution.
Abstract: The one – and two-dimensional normal inverse Gaussian Levy process is studied in relation to German and Danish financial data. In order to investigate if the normal inverse Gaussian Levy process is a suitable model we calculate the uniform residuals by means of an algorithm which simulates random variables from the normal inverse Gaussian distribution. The algorithm uses the characterization of the normal inverse Gaussian distribution as a normal variance-mean mixture. Finally, an approximation of the process which will make it more tractable from a mathematical finance point of view is provided. Our approximation only relies on the fact that the process is a Levy process with characteristic triplet and therefore the method is general and can be applied to any Levy process
TL;DR: Perioperative epidural blockade started a median of 18 h before the amputation and continued into the postoperative period does not prevent phantom or stump pain.
TL;DR: It is shown that during internalization of uPA:serpins at 37°C, an initial decrease of cell surface uPAR was observed, followed by its reappearance at later times, which was not due to redistribution of previously intracellular receptors, nor to the surface expression of newly synthesized uPAR.
Abstract: The GPI-anchored urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) does not internalize free urokinase (uPA) but readily internalizes and degrades uPA:serpin complexes in a process that requires the alpha2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (alpha2MR-LRP). This process is accompanied by the internalization of uPAR which renders it resistant to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). In this paper we show that during internalization of uPA:serpins at 37 degrees C, analysed by FACScan, immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, an initial decrease of cell surface uPAR was observed, followed by its reappearance at later times. This effect was not due to redistribution of previously intracellular receptors, nor to the surface expression of newly synthesized uPAR. Recycling was directly demonstrated in cell surface-biotinylated, uPA:PAI-1-exposed cells in which biotinylated uPAR was first internalized and subsequently recycled back to the surface upon incubation at 37 degrees C. In fact, uPAR was resistant to PI-PLC after the 4 degrees C binding of uPA:PAI-1 to biotinylated cells, but upon incubation at 37 degrees C PI-PLC-sensitive biotinylated uPAR reappeared at the cell surface. Binding of uPA:PAI-1 by uPAR, while essential to initiate the whole process, was, however, dispensable at later stages as both internalization and recycling of uPAR could be observed also after dissociation of the bound ligand from the cell surface.
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic investigation has been carried out of the accuracy of molecular equilibrium structures of 19 small closed-shell molecules containing first-row atoms as predicted by the following standard electronic ab initio models: Hartree-Fock (HF) theory, Mo/ller-Plesset theory to second, third, and fourth orders (MP2, MP3, and MP4), coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) theory; CCSD theory with perturbational triples corrections [CCSD(T)], and the configuration-interaction
Abstract: A systematic investigation has been carried out of the accuracy of molecular equilibrium structures of 19 small closed-shell molecules containing first-row atoms as predicted by the following standard electronic ab initio models: Hartree–Fock (HF) theory, Mo/ller–Plesset theory to second, third, and fourth orders (MP2, MP3, and MP4), coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) theory; CCSD theory with perturbational triples corrections [CCSD(T)], and the configuration-interaction singles and doubles (CISD) model. For all models, calculations were carried out using the correlation-consistent polarized valence double-zeta (cc-pVDZ) basis, the correlation-consistent polarized valence triple-zeta (cc-pVTZ) basis, and the correlation-consistent polarized valence quadruple-zeta (cc-pVQZ) basis. Improvements in the basis sets shorten the bond distances at all levels. Going from cc-pVDZ to cc-pVTZ, bond distances are on the average reduced by 0.8 pm at the Hartree–Fock level and by 1.6 pm at the correlated levels. From cc-pVTZ to cc-pVQZ, the contractions are about ten times smaller and the cc-pVTZ basis set appears to yield bond distances close to the basis-set limit for all models. The models HF, MP2, and CCSD(T) give improved accuracy at increased computational cost. The accuracy of the Mo/ller–Plesset series oscillates, with MP3 being considerably less accurate than MP2 and MP4. The MP2 geometries are remarkably accurate, being only very slightly improved upon at the MP4 level for the cc-pVQZ basis. The CCSD equilibrium structures are only moderately accurate, being intermediate between MP2 and MP3. The accuracy of the CCSD(T) model, in contrast, is high and comparable to that observed in most experimental studies and it has been used to challenge the experimentally determined equilibrium structure of HNO. The CISD wave function provides structures of low quality.
TL;DR: Similar cerebral activation patterns suggest that the perceived differences between acute skin and muscle pain are mediated by differences in the intensity and temporospatial pattern of neuronal activity within similar sets of forebrain structures.
Abstract: Svensson, Peter, Satoshi Minoshima, Ahmad Beydoun, Thomas J. Morrow, and Kenneth L. Casey. Cerebral processing of acute skin and muscle pain in humans. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 450–460, 1997. The human...
TL;DR: Topological cyclic homology of W (k)-algebras is studied in this paper, where the topological Hochschild spectrum is represented by pointed monoids.