Showing papers by "Academia Sinica published in 1974"

On the conditions for the induction of rice pollen plantlets and certain factors affecting the frequency of induction

Abstract: The present paper deals with the factors affecting the induction, formation, dif- ferentiation and the frequency of induction of rice pollen plantlets cultured in vitro We have obtained the following results 1 If the suitable stage of the development of pollen (late uninuclear stage at the verge of first mitosis) is ascertained, pollen callus may be obtained on a simple medium containing 2,4-D (2mg/1) and sucrose (6%) The gorwth substance, the source of carbon and the osmotic pressure are the necessary conditions for triggering the first division of the pollen The complex medium consisting of minerals, trace elements, vitamins, sucrose and growth substances is not necessary for the initiation and the early growth of pollen callus, but all these factors in the medium are beneficial for the further deve- lopment of the callus 2 Sucrose in the medium plays a significant role in the regulation of osmotic pressure Excessively high concentration of sucrose inhibits callus formation 3 Coconut milk, casein hydrolysate, mononucleotide and some other organic sup- plements are obviously beneficial to callus formation and the subsequent differentia- tion of the organs 4 If the culture medium is supplemented with 2-chlorethvl-phosphonic acid (8 ppm, 40 ppm) or when the raceme of the rice is pretreated at 10℃, for 48 hours, the frequency of the formation of the pollen callus will be greatly promoted 5 The age of the pollen callus affects the ability of the organ differentiation; the older the callus is, the lower the induction frequency of the pollen plantlets The causes and the mechnisms of the above mentioned results have been dis- cussed

Demonstration of a Sex Pheromone of the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Abstract: The sex pheromone of the female diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), was isolated and a parapheromone was found to be cis -9-tetradecenyl acetate.

Dehydration and the Survival of Rice White Tip Nematode, Aphelenchoides Besseyi1

Abstract: Experiments conducted in enclosed glass vials whose relative humidities were held constant with glycerol solutions, indicated that the survival of Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie is inversely related to the extent and rate of dehydration. Though gravimetric determinations detected no difference in the extents and rates of desiccation, the nematodes in larger aggregates were found to survive better than those in the smaller ones. Dry weights of the adult nematodes decreased significantly with the age of culture two weeks after nematode inoculation, apparently due to the exhaustion of the host mycelia, Aureobasidium pullulans. The starvation adversely affected the ability of the nematode to survive dehydration. Larvae and adults of the nematode were found equally capable of withstanding desiccation.

A preliminary note on the basic tectonic features and their developments in china

Abstract: By the method both of geomechanical and geohistorical analysis, the block movements characterizing the basic tectonic features and their developments in China are well-defined on the basis of synthetic analysis of geological and geophysical as well as model experimental data gathered especially during and after the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. From the geohistorical point of view, five tectonic cycles and ten orogenic phases are established. By the geomechanical analysis, it has been recognized that the main fault-zones are essentially controlled by two sets of X-shaped shear frac- tures running NNE and NNW as well as NEE and NWW, and further develop into zig-zag fracture zones with transform movements, i.e. shear-tension and shear-compression. The Western Kunlun-the Altyn Tagh-the Northern Chilien and the Tsinling-the Tan-Lu fracture zone may be taken as examples.Three types of fault-blocks in Chinese territory may be preliminarily classified with faulting blocks, folding blocks and warping blocks. From their boundary-movement pattern, three types of fault-zones are also recognized: subductive fault-zone, collision fault-zone and fissuring fault-zone. The first type may penetrate through the whole lithosphere with ancient marine crust underthrusting ancient continental and thus "tectonic-block-suture" is named, the second one usually cut through the continental crust and the term "deep-fault" is suggested, while the third remains within the crust and may be known as fundamental fault.The strati graphical developments in China are essentially controlled by these tectonic block-faulting movements. There are different stratigraphic settings on different blocks usually with zonal developments of stratigraphical breaks along their boundaries.Different types of magmatism are closely related to different types of tectonic blocks. Syntectonic magmatism are often more well-developed in folding blocks, lessin warping blocks and least in faulting blocks. Ultrabasic with basic intrusions andmarine eruptions usually follow tectonic-block-sutures, basic with ultrabasic intrusions and continental eruptions are often accompanied with deep fault-zones, while acidic intrusions and continental eruptions sometimes are associated with fundamental faults. The zonation of magmatic and metamorphic roeks usually depends upon the inclination of the planes of these fault-zones. The zonal arrangements of the types of rocks are distinct in case of moderate dips of these fault-planes whereas they tend to mix together in case of steep dips.The seismicity of China is essentially controlled by tectonic faulted blocks. The epicenter of the main earthquakes usually follow the boundaries of three big block-faulting zones which have been activated since the Cenozoic times. In the Eastern China the Cathysian zone adapted the X-shaped shear fractures running NNE and NNW with the NNE striking ones in predominance, while in the Western the Siyuian and the Tibetian zones adapted the X-shaped shear fractures of NEE and NWW strikes in which the NWW trending predominate. Along these big block-faulting zones, the thickness of the earth's crust and the gravity anomalies usually show abrupt changes. The tectonic stress-fields in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic times are tentatively assumed and it might. be hopeful to throw light on earthquake prediction.

Bayes estimation for the variance of a finite population

Abstract: In this note we have constructed a lower bound for theBayes risk of an arbitrary unbiased estimator for a finite population variance. We also have shown that under certain conditions theHorvitz-Thomson type estimator for the variance is aBayes solution

Sporo-pollen assemblage and geological age of the lower xinminbu formation of chiuchuan, kansu

Abstract: The Lower Xinminbu Formation is a lacustrine deposit which consists mainly of black papery shales intercalated with greyish green thick-layered sandstones and grey thin-layered marls. There are greyish white and reddish brown thick-layered conglo- merates in the basal part. The total thickness of this formation sums up to 1135 metres. The black shales are rich in fossil pollen and spores. One hundred and sixty-two rock samples collected from sir natural sections and two bore-holes of the above-mentioned deposit at Hongliuxia, Xinminbu, Hanxia, etc. have been treated. A lot of fossil pollen grains and spores have been found from 33 samples of them. Twenty species (or forms) of pollen and spores referred to 19 genera are described in this paper. Two species are described as new. The sporo-pollen assemblage of the Lower Xinminbu Formation is characterized by the absolute predominance of the pollen grains of gymnosperms, by the diminution of the spores of fern, and by the presence of the pollen grains of angiosperms. The pollen of gymnosperms amount to 93.3% of the total number of the microflora. The spores of fern merely amount to 5.9% of the total number. Although the pollen of angiosperms are rarely found, they play an important role in the microflora. The prominent characteristics of this microflora are the predominance of the pollen grains of Coniferae, the abundance of the spores of Schizaeaceae and the presence of the pollen grains of the angiosperms. Based on the palynological investigation, the authors consider that the Lower Xinminbu Formation should belong to Early Creta- ceous in age, because the Early Cretaceous floras both in the Eurasian Continent and in the northern American Continent possess ordinarily the above-mentioned charac- teristics. According to the flora reflected by the present sporo-pollen assemblage, it may be supposed that the climate of the Chiuchuan Basin in the Early Cretaceous period was certainly rather warm and wet. It may be referred to subtropical type similar to that of southern China at the present time. Deseription of new species Schizaeoisporites zizyphinus sp. nov. (p1. 1, fig. 11; pl.2, fig. 1) 1962 Schizaea sp. 2 Chang p. 259, p1. 2, fig. 8a-c. Holotype: No. 593 (p1. 2, fig. 1) Diagnosis: Spores zizyphus-shaped, 33.06-3.50μ×13.92-20.88μ, monolete. Exine about 1μ thick, and thicker at both ends. Surface with 14±ribs which are paralld to the long axis, straight or slightly curved, convergent or non-convergent at both ends. Ribs about 0.5μ-1.2μ thick, and about 2μ distant. Comparison: This kind of spores is similar to Cicatricososporites pseudodoro- gensis (R. Pot.) Pf. et Th. from Cretaceous of Quedlinburg (Weyland et Greifeld, 1953, p. 43, pl. 11, figs. 48-50, 53), but the latter is rounder, with non-parallel ribs, which are not convergent at both ends. Cingulatisporites ruginosus sp. nov. (pl. 2, figs. 2, 3, 3a) Holotype: No. 608 (pl. 2, fig. 3) Diagnosis: Spore rounded-triangular in polar view. Diameter 35.08-52.20μ. Triradiate suture long, stretched up to the equator. Cingulum 3 to 8μ wide, with wrinkles in layers. Exine at the angles of the spore thicker than that of the other parts. Surface with granular sculpture.

The embryogeny of cathaya(pinaceae)

Abstract: The present paper deals with the embryogeny of Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang, a new conifer discovered in China in 1958. The material used for study was collected in 1960 and 1962 in type locality, Hua-Ping Forest Region, Lungsheng Hsien, Kwangsi Province, China.

A taxonomic study of actinoplanaceae——i. classification of ampullariella

Abstract: 1. Two actinomycets, 71--C_(10) and 71-C_(11), which produce bottle shaped or cylin-drical sporangia and belong to Ampullari-ella (Couch, 1963) of Actinoplanaceae(Couch, 1955) were isolated from the soilof Kinshan (Jin mountain), Peking. Kanepublished a new genus of Actinoplanaceae,Pilimelia, in 1966. According to the pub-lished information, the shape and the mo-de of formation of the sporangium of theabove-mentioned two genera are identical,and therefore, we disagreed with Kane'sproposal, and recommended those two spe-cies of Kane's Pilimelia should be placedinto Ampullariella. 2. Based studies on mophological,cultural, physiological and biochemicalcharacteristics, the two isolated organismsdiffered from any known species so far de-scribed. Strain 71--C_(10) is named as Ampul-lariella pekinensis n. sp. and strain 71--C_(11)as Ampullariella kinshanensis n. sp. 3. Ampullariella pekinensis n. sp.produces bottle shaped or cylindrical spor-angia (4--8×6--13μ), with long rodshaped (1×2μ) or ellipsoidal (1×1.5μ),peritrichous spores flagellated. Its subs-trate mycelium produces nondiffusible pig-ments of various shades of brown colorand the media appear colorless or slightlyyellowish. These characteristics differedfrom those of A. regularis, A. campanu-lata, A. lobata, A. digitate, A. terevasa(Kane, 1966) Juan et Zhang, n. comb.and A. anulata (Kane, 1966) Juan etZhang, n. comb. distinctly. 4. Ampullariella kinshanensis n. sp.produces bottle shaped or pear shaped sp-orangia (3--5×6--10μ), with round (1--1.5μ), ellipsoidal (1--1.5×2μ) spores, peritrichous flagellated. Its substrate my-celium gives a color of gold yellow; solubleyellow pigments are produced on syntheticmedia but no soluble pigment or slightlyyellowish pigment is produced on organicmedium. These characteristics are notonly difered from the published species,but also differed with Ampullariella pek-inensis n. sp. 5. Key to the species of Ampullari-ella Ⅰ. Spores with polar flagellum,single or in tuft. 1. Sporangia bottle-shaped orcylindrical (5--14×8--30μ), substratemycellium coral red Ampullariella regularis Couch, 1963. 2. Sporangia bell-shaped (5--10×6--12μ), substrate mycellium Kaiserbrown, coral red, mahogany to dull violetblack or black Ampullariella campanulata Couch, 1963. 3. Sporangia lobed or fan-shap-ed in section (4--20×12--26μ), substratemycellium albino to coral red to blood red...... Ampullariella lobata Couch, 1963. 4. Sporangia digistate (3--9×6--14μ), substrate mycellium pinkish cin-namon-rufous to mahogany Ampullariella digitate Couch, 1963. 5. Sporangia spheroid or rod(2--24×2--35μ), substrate mycelliumyellow or yellow-brown Ampullariella terevasa (Kane, 1966),Juan et Zhang, n. comb. 6. Sporangia spheroid or rod(2--24×2--35μ), substrate mycelliumyellow or yellow-gray Ampullariella anulata (Kane, 1966), Juanet Zhang, n. comb. Ⅱ. Spores peritrichous flagellated 1. Sporangia bottle shaped orcylindrical (4--8×6--13μ), substratemycellium cinnamon brown Ampullariella pekinensis n. sp. 71--C_(10) 2. Sporangia bottle or pearshaped (3--5×6--10μ), substrate myce-llium gold yellow Ampullariella kinshanensis n. sp. 71--C(11)

Breeding for high protein and balanced amino acid rice varieties 4. The distribution of protein contents in a rice grain

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to obtain information on the distribution of protein in individual grains of rice and on the variation of protein distribution patterns among varieties.

Isolation of bacillus polymyxa phages and their characteristics

Abstract: A number of Bacillus polymyxa pha-ges were isolated from 193 samples of dif-ferent type of soil and sewages, whichwere collected from 18 provinces andregions in China. Four serotypes ofbacteriophages were identified whichwere named BP52, BP142, BP153, andBP190. They were futher characterizedby serological reactions, host-range rela-tionship, rate of adsoption to bacteriumand one-step growth experiment. None ofthe four phages is capable of infectingselected bacterial strains other then Bacil-lus polymyxa. Most of the polymyxin-producing strains are susceptible to allthese isolated phages and it is, therefore,nesessary dring antibiotic production topay more attention to pervent contamina-tion by these phages. Thee K values ofadsoption rate of BP52, BP142, BP153,and BP190 were determined as 1.3×10~(-9),3.8×10~(-9), 6.8×10~(-10), and 2.2×10~(-9)mlmin~(-1), respectively. Their latent periodswere 74, 100, 73, and 99 minutes andburst sizes 284, 141, 167 and 152, res-pectively. The stability of the four phages atdifferent pH values was detemined. Theyare more stable at pH 6--10, but BP190is stable even at pH 4--5. Combinedtreatment with heat and controlled pH ismore effective for phage sterilization. Thethermal inactivation kinetics of threephages, namely, BP52, BP142, and BP190,has been studied. The thermal inactiva-tion of bacteriophages BP142 follows atwo-component kinetic pattern. Three ofthese phages were examined by PTAnegative stain method under electronmicroscope and morphological differenceswere detected.

Mitotic chromosomes of species in the subgenusDrosophila (Diptera:Drosophilidae)

Abstract: The karyotypes of 17 species in the subgenusDrosophila are compared according to their taxonomical relationships. Although closely related species often possess similar karyotypes, the karyotypes diverge considerably within the subgenus. Thus extensive chromosome rearrangements did occur during the speciation. Species with higher chromosome numbers do not necessarily have higher average of total chromosome length per cell.

A new species of yeast: rhodotorula sinensis lee sp. nov.

Abstract: This is a report on the study of anew species of yeast, Rhodotorula sinensis,isolated from diseased pears taken from acold storage in Peking. This red bipolarbudding yeast is resistaut to low tempera-ture. It has distinct morphological andphysiological features as well as itspeculiar "budding-fisson" (i.e. a bipolarbudding with cross wall formation for budseparation). It does not form ascosporesor ballistospores but chlamydospores. Aprolonged incubation period for fourmonths or more under low temperature(5℃) would lead to the formationof brown mycelial colony. This colonycosists of fine hyphae and brown chlamy-dospores which are formed terminally orintercalarily on the hyphae and ateeither ellipsoidal, pear-like or acute. inshape. The mode of germination of manychlamydospores of Rhodotorula sinensisreveals a close resemblance to some basi-diomycetes (e.g., Ustilago spp.), suggestingthe possible involvement of a similar sexualprocess, to which special attention will bedirected in our futher study. This yeastproduces starch-like compound and caro-tinoid pigment, and assimilates inositolsupplied as its sole carbon source forgrowth. Although the morphological andbiochemical characteristics of this speciesare quite different from any genus inLodder's system (1970), yet it showsaffinities to Rhodotorula in several res-pects, we therefore put it provisionallyunder this genus. Detailed description is given in thereport; and the type specimen of thisspecies is deposited in the Institute ofMicrobiology, Academia Sinica, Peking,China.

A morphological study of a solar active region in august 1972 ii.a correlation analysis of morphologies of flares and spots

Abstract: Acorrelation analysis of the morphology of nine solar flares of a large solar active region in August 1972 and the morphology of the fine structure of sunspot group in this region has led to the following conclusions: 1.There is a certain correlation between the outburst of the first large flare, occurring at 0355 UT.of August 2nd and the morphological variations of photos- pheric spots both in time and in spatial positions. 2.All the preliminary bright points of the nine flares on the both sides of the filament and their main morphological development are also closely correlated with the spiral structure of the spots“O”and“B”. 3.All the directions of the bright ribbons of flares and filaments(consisting of paralled fibrils)in the chromosphere,the serpent-like long fibres of penumbra on the east of the spot“O”and the line H_(11)=0 in the photosphere are consistent with one another.This can be regarded as a morphological evidence in favour the opinion that the outburst of flares is propagated along the horizontal magnetic field on the surface of the sun.