Showing papers by "Academia Sinica published in 1976"
TL;DR: It was concluded that the growth of rice seedlings was retarded by decaying rice residues in soil; thus, this appeared to be an autointoxication phenomenon.
Abstract: The aqueous extracts of decomposing rice residues in soil exhibited inhibition on the radicle growth of lettuce and rice seeds and the growth of rice seedlings The phytotoxicity was found in extracts obtained from the early stage of decomposition (first month), and gradually declined thereafter The inhibition was also found in extracts obtained from rice fields, and was persistent for 4 months The root initiation of hypocotyl cuttings of mungbeans was suppressed by extracts of decaying rice residues and extracts obtained from paddy soil Five phytotoxins,p-hydroxybenzoic,p-coumaric, vanillic, ferulic, ando-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, and several unknowns were found in the decomposing rice residues under waterlogged conditions At 25 ppm,o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid revealed significant inhibition on the radicle growth of rice and lettuce seeds and suppressed root initiation of mungbean seedlings It was concluded that the growth of rice seedlings was retarded by decaying rice residues in soil; thus, this appeared to be an autointoxication phenomenon
248 citations
TL;DR: The identity of some of the compounds produced as well as their relative phytotoxicity to lettuce seed and seedlings were determined by using paper, thin-layer, and gas chromatography as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Residues from corn and rye plants were allowed to decompose in soil for periods up to 30 days at 22–23 °C, and the identity of some of the compounds produced as well as their relative phytotoxicity to lettuce seed and seedlings were determined. Paper, thin-layer, and gas chromatography were the principal methods used to identify the various compounds formed. The identities were confirmed by comparison with known synthetic compounds. Eighteen compounds were identified in the decomposing corn residues. Of these, salicylaldehyde, and butyric, phenylacetic, and 4-phenylbutyric acids were “volatile”, and benzoic,p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, ferulic,o-coumaric,o-hydroxyphenylacetic, salicylic, syringic,p-coumaric,trans-cinnamic, and caffeic acids were “not volatile”. Resorcinol,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and phloroglucinol were also found. In the decomposing rye residues, nine compounds were identified, including vanillic, ferulic, phenylacetic, 4-phenylbutyric,p-coumaric,p-hydroxybenzoic, salicylic, ando-coumaric acids, and salicylaldehyde. In the lettuce seed bioassay, most of the above compounds from corn and rye decomposition products exhibited some phytotoxicity. Phenylacetic, 4-phenylbutyric, salicylic, benzoic, ando-hydroxyphenylacetic acids were highly inhibitory to the growth of lettuce at concentrations between 25 and 50 ppm. The others reduced growth significantly at 100 ppm. Most of the phototoxic spots were located in theR
f
0.37–0.97 zone when developed in 2% acetic acid solvent.
213 citations
TL;DR: SummaryAddition of activated charcoal to the medium for plant tissue cultures improves growth by adsorbing toxic metabolites.
Abstract: Addition of activated charcoal to the medium for plant tissue cultures improves growth by adsorbing toxic metabolites.
59 citations
TL;DR: Two proteins have been identified in extracts of fetal rat skin which are related to the two major fibrous proteins of newborn rat stratum corneum and cellular localization and time of appearance of the cross-reactive proteins suggest that they may be associated with tonofilaments.
46 citations
TL;DR: The synthesis of deoxy-5-methylcytidylic acid (d5MCMP) was found to take place at the level of nucleotide, which seems to account for the synthesis of the unique pyrimidine, 5- methylcytosine, which occurs in the DNA of phage Xp12.
Abstract: PHAGE Xp12 on Xanthomonas oryzae was isolated from the irrigation water of a rice field. In the DNA of this phage, cytosine is completely replaced by 5-methylcytosine1. Isotope tracing studies on the biosynthesis of this unusual pyrimidine demonstrated that methylation of this cytosine is different from that of the 5-methylcytosine which is found in trace amounts in most plant and animal DNAs. The latter is methylated by methionine. On the other hand, the methyl group of 5-methylcytosine residues of Xp12 is derived from the 3-carbon of serine and not from the thiomethyl carbon of methionine2. In this investigation, the synthesis of deoxy-5-methylcytidylic acid (d5MCMP) was found to take place at the level of nucleotide, with deoxycytidylic acid (dCMP) and formaldehyde as substrates in the presence of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) and an enzyme preparation from X. oryzae infected with Xp12 phage. This reaction seems to account for the synthesis of the unique pyrimidine, 5-methylcytosine, which occurs in the DNA of phage Xp12.
14 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Applying the calculated results to the reactions catalyzed by fumarase and D-glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, the authors have been able to interpret experimental phenomena which could not be accounted for by the conventional theory of the diffusion-controlled reaction.
Abstract: With the development of techniques for studying fast reactions, we are confronted with some experimental observations which, according to the classical diffusion-controlled reaction theory based on the assumption of spherical symmetry, will lead to paradoxical consequences.
Recently, some investigators have attempted to present a theory of non-spherically symmetric diffusion-controlled reaction. Owing to the difficulty in mathematics, only the formal discussion has been given, and the numerical results have not yet been reported.
The combination between enzyme and substrate is not only non-spherically symmetric, but also related to the force field existing between the reacting molecules. In tho previous article we introduced the spatial factor and the force field factor and derived a general equation for these reaction systems. We present in this articlo a general method for finding the numerical solution of tho above equation. With the numerical results obtained by this method we may interpret the experimental facts which can not be explained from the viewpoint of the classical diffusion-controlled reaction theory.
In order to examine more closely the kinetic behaviour of enzyme-substrate reaction systems, we defined several characteristic parameters. The quantitative relation between these parameters and the rate of diffusion-controlled reaction has been discussed.
11 citations
TL;DR: Based on Wei's dipole flip-flop model and with the assumption that the dipole is coupled to the membrane matrix, the cathode-make-excitation, the anode-break- Excitation and the cathodes-gap-excitations can be explained in a systematic way.
10 citations
6 citations
TL;DR: A theory of ambiguous pattern perception is formulated, which proposes a feature selector based on the time-sequential discrete property of the attention, a short-term memory for storage of the selected features, and a displayer to display the consecutively stored features.
5 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the records of the sunspot in our past, generations were collected and arranged, and correlation analysis has been made for three possible pe-riods of large sunspot activity, which are 10.60 ± 0.43 years, 62.2± 2.8 years and about 250 years.
Abstract: In this paper, the records of the sunspot in our past, generations were collected and arranged. For them the correlation analysis has been made. Three possible pe-riods of large sunspot activity have been obtained. They are 10.60 ± 0.43 years, 62.2± 2.8 years and about 250 years. The first. agrees with the well-known period of 11 years.
2 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the available gravity data of the region and the method of "compressedmass plane" suggested in this paper to compute the depth of the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, from gravity anomalies after removing the effect of the superficialsedimentary layers and shallow geological structures.
Abstract: To study the crustal structure of the southern part of Liaoning Province, whichis the geological background of the occurrence of the Haicheng (海城) Earthquake,M=7.3. The available gravity data of the region and the method of "compressedmass plane" suggested in this paper were used to compute the depth of the MohorovicicDiscontinuity, from gravity anomalies after removing the effect of the superficialsedimentary layers and shallow geological structures. In addition, the principle of"density difference" was adopted to separate the effect of the Conrad Discontinuityfrom the gravity anomaly, in order to estimate the depth of the Conrad Discontinuity. The distribution of these two discontinuities in southern Liaoning Province wasobtained, basing on the results of computations of 13 gravity profiles. Accordingto the relief of the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, this part of the Liaoning Provincemay be divided into three elongated regions, northeast-southwest in direction: thecentral, southeastern and northwestern. The central region is an uplift of theupper mantle, lowering toward the northeast and extending southwestward into theBohai Gulf. Its southeastern flank is much steeper than the northwestern flank,both sides slope down more or less in steps. On this large tectonic background, aseries of secondary structures of considerable size are located. The thickness of crust on this uplifted region is 31-32 kilometers, but it be-comes about 30 kilometers along the eastern edge. In the southeastern region, thecrustal thickness is 34-35 kilometers in general, maximum, 38 kilometers. In thenorthwestern region, the crustal thickness increases toward northwest, from 34 to 40kilometers. The Haicheng Earthquake occurred on the steeper southeastern slope ofthe central uplifted region. In this paper, a brief description of the methods of computation is also givenand some problems are discussed.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Results from what have been discussed above suggest that succinate dehydrogenase binds to the mitochondrial inner membrane primarily through ionic bonds while hydrophobic bonds play a secondary role.
Abstract: (1) The pH curve of the extraction of succinate dehydrogenase by butanol indicates that the binding of succinate dehydrogenase to the mitochondria has a pK value of 8 7. In extraction there is a critical butanol concentration of about 8% at 3℃. From the temperature curve of extraction it appears that the heats of activation which dissociate the binding of succinate dehydrogenase with the inner membrane will be quite low if the binding is through ionic bonds, and high if the binding is through hydrophobic bonds (over 26,000 cal. when temperature is above 11℃). The yields of extraction bear no linear relationship with the hydrocarbon chain length of the alcohol used.(2) Salts such as KCl and NaCl inhibit the reconstitution of soluble succinate dehydrogenase with alkali-treated heart muscle preparation. However, alcohols and non-ionic detergents promote reconstitution by 130%. Apart from this promoting effect they also markedly stimulate electron transfer from succinate dehydrogenase to cytochrome c in the reconstituted particles.(3) The inhibitory effect of TTFA on succinate-cytochrome c reductase activity in heart muscle preparation is influenced by the pH of the reaction medium. The plot of inhibitory percentages vs pHs indicates a pK value of 8.5 at 5～10℃.(4) Results from what have been discussed above suggest that succinate dehydrogenase binds to the mitochondrial inner membrane primarily through ionic bonds while hydrophobic bonds play a secondary role.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the ages of pegmatite pegmatites from Mt. Tianpi, Jining County, Nei Mongol and Qionghai County at Hainan Island were measured using fission track dating technique.
Abstract: Ages have been measured using fission track dating technique for muscovite from a pegmatite at Mt. Tianpi, Jining County, Nei Mongol and for tektites from Lingshui County and Qionghai County at Hainan Island. Muscovite from Mt. Tianpi yields 1.45-1.51 b.y.; tektite of Lingshui County is dated at 0.640 m.y., and tektite from Qionghai County 0.755 m.y. The K/Ar ages of Mt. Tianpi muscovite are 1.76-1.80 b.y. The effect of geological annealing on the muscovite samples has been taken into account and correction has been made for the lowered fission track ages. The corrected ages, 1.75-1.83 b.y., are in good agreement with K/Ar ages.
TL;DR: Esherick's "1 911: A Review" as discussed by the authors is a summary of English language contributions of the last fifteen years to the history of the 1911 Chinese Revolution and the role of the gentry class in the revolution.
Abstract: I am very glad to have the chance to read Joe Esherick's "1 911: A Review." This wide-ranging article has done a summary tallying of English language contributions of the last fifteen years; whatever the personal prejudices of the reviewer, the article is a most welcome effort. I believe that all scholars interested in the 1911 Revolution should read this review article, as should beginning students in modem Chinese history. I myself am most interested in the question of the role of the gentry class in the Revolution. Philip Kuhn has distinguished three levels of gentry: "national, provincial, and local." As a matter of fact, the motto of the gentry was precisely"official when advancing; gentry when retiring." Once an official, one could become nationally known, and exert great influence. Once renowned, one could retire from active service and yet still retain influential power. Zhang Jian is a good example. Kuhn's view is a correct one.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived the far-field displacement of seismic body waves from a circular shear crack with uniform dislocation, and the amplitude of the first arrival of small earthquakes.
Abstract: Using the observational data of small earthquakes which occurred in Qiaojia andShimian, it is found that the half period of first P arrivals is nearly constant for theshocks of small magnitudes, and increases proportionally with magnitudes for largerearthquakes. It is also pointed out that the logarithm of the amplitudes of theinitial motion of P-waves increases proportionally with the magnitudes. Taking aradially expanding circular shear crack with uniform dislocation as the theoreticalmodel of the moderate and small earthquake sources, the far-field displacement ofseismic body waves radiated from such a model is derived.By using the expression offar-field displacement, the quantitative relations between the source parameters, wavevelocities and the half period, the amplitude of the first arrivals are inferred, andconsequently, the empirical relationships between the half period as well as theamplitude of the first P arrivals and the magnitude of earthquakes are explained.Considering the attenuation and dispersion of waves in the medium, the effect ofthe free surface as well as the response characteristics of the seismograph instru-ments, the theoretical seismograms from this dislocation source are synthesized bythe convolution technique, and a method by which the source parameters as well asQ value of the medium can be directly determined from the half period and theamplitude of the first P arrivals on the observed seismograms, is proposed. By apply-ing the present method, the source parameters of small earthquakes as well as Qvalues of the medium of the two regions metioned above are estimated. The Q valuesof the medium of the Qiaojia region and the Shimian region are 620 and 560, res-pectively. The stress drops of the small earthquakes in the Shimian region areestimated to be about 2 to 30 bars,and that of the small earthquakes in the Qiaojiaregion, are rather low and close to each other, the mean value of which is about 1.4bars. Comparing these results with the stress drops of the foreshocks and the mainshocks of the Xinfengjiang (1962) and Haicheng (1975) earthquakes, we note the fact that the small earthquakes in the Qiaojia region are similar to the fore-shocks of these two large shocks in the character of their stress drops, and so it maynot be neglected that these small shocks in the Qiaojia region are foreshocks priorto a larger earthquake. Taking the mean value (about 1.4 bars) of the stress dropsof the small earthquakes as an estimation of the lower limit of the stress drop ofthis hypothetical earthquake, it may be inferred that, from the empirical relationshipbetween the stress drop and the magnitude of the mainshock, the lower limit of themagnitude of this hypothetical earthquake will be about 5.2.
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure for selecting a nonempty random-size subset that excludes all the inferior populations with a probability not less than a specified number, when the populations are ranked in terms of θi ’s, is presented.
Abstract: Let π1, π2,…,πk be k independent normal populations with means μ1, μ2,…,μk and variances respectively. Our interest is in devising a procedure for selecting a nonempty random-size subset that excludes all the inferior populations with a probability not less than a specified number, when the populations are ranked in terms of θi ’s, θi = μi/σi, l ≤ i ≤ k, σ1 = σ2 = … = σk = σ (known or unknown). In 1970, Desu treated the case of equal sample sizes, here we derive procedures and results for samples of unequal size.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the intensities of neutron diffraction from XXXXXXXXXXXX-LiIO3 single crystals under a DC or AC field along the c-axis were measured in various eases.
Abstract: The following investigations have been carried out on the basis of our previous work [1] The (002) intensities of neutron diffraction from XXXXXXXXXXXX-LiIO3 single crystals under a DC or AC field along the c-axis were measured in various eases (1) With a DC field applied at a temperature below 180 K or so, no enhancement is found to appear When the DC field is applied at room temperature and the sample then cooled down to 180 K or even lower (e g liquid nitrogen temperature), the magnitude of the diffraction intensity enhancement initially observed at room temperature remains the same, even after removing the applied voltage (2) When a narrow neutron beam is scanned across a thicker crystal and a DC field applied, the diffraction intensity enhancement is not limited to the region near the electrodes, but also appears in each scanned region (3) When a low-frequency AC field is applied, the enhancement decreases as the frequency increases for the same Vsms Above 1500 c/s the effect becomes negligible
TL;DR: The protected hexapeptide and the protected tripeptide of Taiwan Cobra (Naja naja atra) venom cardiotoxin were synthesized by stepwise coupling and fragment coupling methods.
Abstract: The protected hexapeptide (sequence 44-49) and the protected tripeptide (sequence 50-52) of Taiwan Cobra (Naja naja atra) venom cardiotoxin were synthesized by stepwise coupling and fragment coupling methods. The protected hexapeptide is Nps-Lys(Z)-Ser-Ser-Leu-VaI-Leu-OMe and the protected tripeptides are Nps-Lys(Z)-Tyr(Bzl)-Val-OMe and Boc-Lys(Z)-Tyr(Bzl)-VaI-OMe.
TL;DR: In this article, a cyclization of 3′, 3′-linked 2′, 2′-dihydroxy-4, 4′, 4″, 4'', 6′, 6''-hexamethoxybichalcone (I) with alcoholic phosphoric acid gave a new naringenyl-chalcon hexamethyl ether (II) along with hexa-O-methyl-8,8″-binaringenin.
Abstract: Acidic cyclization of 3′, 3″′-linked 2′, 2″′-dihydroxy-4, 4′, 4″, 4″′, 6′, 6″′-hexamethoxybichalcone (I) with alcoholic phosphoric acid gave a new naringenyl-chalcon hexamethyl ether (II) along with hexa-O-methyl-8,8″-binaringenin.