Showing papers by "Academia Sinica published in 1980"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the problems which arise when available data are restricted to the distribution of factor incomes between groups of families defined by their total income level, and the results obtained required exploration of the alternative concepts and measurements which are possible when individual family data are available.
Abstract: This paper furthers the discussion of income inequality decomposition by focusing attention on the problems which arise in this context when available data are restricted to the distribution of factor incomes between groups of families defined by their total income level. First, it sets out the Rao (1969) decomposition of the Gini coefficient for total income in terms of factor shares and factor concentration ratios. Further decomposition of concentration ratios into rank correlation ratios and factor Ginis is recommended when individual data are available. Second, interpretation of concentration ratios as Gini coefficients is shown to be misleading. An analogue in economic theory is required. The results obtained required exploration of the alternative concepts and measurements which are possible when individual family data are available. In turn, these had to be related to the more limited set of concepts which can be calibrated when available data are taken from a secondary source. Caution is advised in interpreting results based on secondary sources of income inequality by factor components.
403 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model for the dynamics of fast fluidization to account for vertical voidage distribution, has been used to correlate the experimental data obtained in a 9 cm-diameter column with a height of 8 meters.
Abstract: A mathematical model proposed for the dynamics of fast fluidization to account for vertical voidage distribution, has been used to correlate the experimental data obtained in a 9-cm-diameter column with a height of 8 meters. The results are shown in a flow regime diagram spanning from particulate and bubbling fluidization, through turbulent and fast fluidization, to dilute-phase pneumatic transport.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was proved that the polymerization of polydienes with Ln catalysts under certain conditions proceeds by a living polymer mechanism and a linear relationship exists between the yield strength from the stress-strain curve of Ln-polvbutadiene and its [n] This relationship is verified by Lnpolyisoprene and natural rubber but different slopes are obtained.
Abstract: The stereoregularity of polydienes is almost the same in regard to the individual elements of the lanthanide series, whereas the activity of the Ln catalysts in diene polymerization varies from one to the other within the series. The latter may be attributed to the difference in the number of electrons that occupy the 4f orbitals. It has been proved that the polymerization of dienes with Ln catalysts under certain conditions proceeds by a “living polymer” mechanism. With regard to the polymerization of butadiene, the most active catalyst is a Nd3+species a new binary system of NdCl3-3ROH + AlR3 has been discovered. The cis- 1,4 content in polybutadiene is about 97% and the 1,2 content, less than 1%. For the polymerization of isoprene with a Nd3+ catalyst system, the effects of ligand and alkyl groups in AIR3 on cis-1,4 content (ca. 95%) in polyisoprene can be neglected. For the copolymerization of butadiene and isoprene, the cis-1,4 contents of these two monomeric units in the copolymer are greater than 95% the reactivity ratios r1 and r2 are determined. and the Tg's of the copolymers of various compositions deviate slightly from the calculated values for random copolymers. A linear relationship exists between the yield strength from the stress-strain curve of Ln-polvbutadiene and its [n] This relationship is verified by Ln-polyisoprene and natural rubber but different slopes are obtained
137 citations
TL;DR: A repeatable precocious flowering of embryoids derived from mature ginseng root callus cultured in a chemically defined medium is reported, which produces flowers and fertile pollen without establishing normal seedlings.
Abstract: Seedlings of various crops pass through a juvenile phase during which they cannot be induced to flower1. The delay in flowering caused by a long juvenile phase may last for years and is a major problem in breeding such crops. In field conditions, ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) usually flowers in the third year after germination2, and breeding programmes have been hindered by the long time needed for genetic analysis. We report here a repeatable precocious flowering of embryoids derived from mature ginseng root callus cultured in a chemically defined medium. These embryoids produce flowers and fertile pollen without establishing normal seedlings.
91 citations
01 Jan 1980
85 citations
TL;DR: Callus culture was initiated from expiants of mature root tissues of ginseng on MS medium enriched with 2,4-D to produce numerous embryoids which resulted in profuse plantlet regeneration.
Abstract: Callus culture was initiated from expiants of mature root tissues of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on MS medium enriched with 2,4-D. The ageing callus produced numerous embryoids in this medium. Reculture of these embryoids in media (1/2 MS or B5) supplemented with benzyladenine and gibberellic acid resulted in profuse plantlet regeneration.
83 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Methods employed for rapid in vitro mass-cloning of virus-free plants include: multiple shoot formation, in vitro layering, adventitious organogenesis, and in vitro storage organ induction, which frequently exhibit an improved yield and quality.
Abstract: This article deals with the theories, methodology and practices of in vitro virus elimination. Viruses may be eradicated from infected stocks through meristem or callus cultures due to the low titre, or even absence, of viruses in plant meristems and what might be called “the viral elimination power of in vitro incubation”. The season and location of the buds obtained, as well as the explants' size, are important factors in virus elimination through meristem cultures. Heat treatment and high phytohormone concentrations frequently improve the results. Virus-free tissue sectors may arise from calli of infected plants. From such sectors viruse-free plants may regenerate. Nevertheless, the frequently occurring chromosome abnormalities in callus cultures may become a strong drawback for regenerating virus-free plants from callus. Rigid virus-testing procedures must be applied to reveal the virus-free status of the regenerated plants. The commonly used testing methods are briefly described. Methods employed for rapid in vitro mass-cloning of virus-free plants include: multiple shoot formation, in vitro layering, adventitious organogenesis, and in vitro storage organ induction. The resulting virus-free clones frequently exhibit an improved yield and quality. However, some of the mild virus strains display a ‘cross-protection’ effect. The removal of these viruses through tissue cultures may result in an outbreak of more severe diseases.
69 citations
TL;DR: Aqueous extracts of leaves, stems, and roots ofCoffea arabica significantly inhibited the seed germination and radicle growth of rye grass, lettuce, and fescue as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The aqueous extracts of leaves, stems, and roots ofCoffea arabica significantly inhibited the seed germination and radicle growth of rye grass, lettuce, and fescue. When the extracts were diluted to 1% solution, significant suppression of lettuce growth was still found and was particularly pronounced in the extract of young seedlings. The paper chromato-gram of the ether fraction of an aqueous extract of coffee leaves was bioassayed with lettuce seeds and revealed a remarkable inhibition throughout the chromatogram except for the segment ofRf 0.00–0.12. Paper without spotting extract was used as a standard. The phytotoxins present in coffee tissue were identified by paper and thin-layer chro-matography and mass spectrometry. The compounds include caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, paraxanthine, scopoletin, and chlorogenic, ferulic,p-coumaric,p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, and vanillic acids. All compounds except caffeic acid exhibited significant phytotoxicity to lettuce growth at a concentration of 100 ppm.
64 citations
01 Aug 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a micro-rheological analysis of the deformation characteristics of rocks based on the multi mineral and polycrystalline structure of igneous metamorphic and some sedimentary rocks is presented.
Abstract: Locked in Stresses, Creep and Dilatancy of Rocks, and Constitutive Equations
A micro rheological analysis is presented of the deformation characteristics of rocks based on the multi mineral and polycrystalline structure of igneous metamorphic and some sedimentary rocks; in addition the polygranular structure of sandstone-type rocks is also considered. Due account is taken with the history of rock formation and tectonics.
Torsional creep test results on Ichang sandstone are presented and analysed. A new method of testing is introduced whereby the sample is subjected to a step wise loading function and the deformation measured as a function of the time. In this manner the creep as a function of stress and time can be obtained very easily from tests on only one sample.
A hypothesis is presented on the origin and formation of “locked in” stresses the release of internal strain energy is studied at the hand of some typical test results. The practical importance of these stress pockets is discussed and it is stressed that creep and “locked in” stresses are fundamental factors in the behaviour of rocks which must be carefully studied in practice.
On the basis of experimental results and physical reasoning constitutive equations are set up, which are three dimensional generalisations of the experimental Griggs equation:γ =a +b logt +ct, whereby the material parameters are scalar functions of the stress invariants.
61 citations
TL;DR: Although the electrophysicological effects of BWSV on lobster and frog NMJs are similar, they are caused by different components of the venom, which is attributable to fraction E, which contains a major 65,000-MW protein and several lower molecular weight species.
Abstract: Crude black widow spider venom (BWSV) has profound physiological effects on several neuromuscular preparations, both vertebrate and invertebrate1. At frog and mouse neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), BWSV causes a massive increase in the frequency of miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps)2,3 followed by a reduction in m.e.p.p. frequency and depletion of synaptic vesicles3–5. Qualitatively similar physiological and morphological effects are also observed at lobster6–8 and insect9,10 NMJs after treatment with BWSV. Apparently, therefore, this venom can cause the release of several transmitters—acetylcholine at vertebrate NMJs and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate at invertebrate NMJs11. BWSV has also been shown to cause the release of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and GABA from slices of mouse cerebral cortex12,13. α-Latrotoxin, a protein of molecular weight (MW) 130,000, had previously been shown to be responsible for the venom effects at vertebrate NMJs and in mouse brain slices12–14. That finding prompted the question of whether α-latrotoxin was also responsible for transmitter release in the lobster preparation. The present report demonstrates that although the electrophysicological effects of BWSV on lobster and frog NMJs are similar, they are caused by different components of the venom. The effects on the lobster are attributable to fraction E, which contains a major 65,000-MW protein and several lower molecular weight species. It has previously been shown that fraction E causes firing of the crayfish stretch receptor14. Some of these results have been published elsewhere15.
43 citations
TL;DR: For stochastically observable, linear systems explicit expressions for the LUMCE of the state at time t@?0, with no information of the initial state, are obtained.
TL;DR: In this article, the distribution of C 22 C 34 n -alkanes with a high even-odd (EOP) predominance in the source rocks, and crude oil of the Shahejie Formation (Tertiary) of northern China was reported.
Abstract: The present paper reports the distribution of C 22 C 34 n -alkanes with a high even-odd (EOP) predominance in the source rocks, and crude oil of the Shahejie Formation (Tertiary) of northern China. Samples were taken from Section 5 of the Shahejie Formation at the Shengli oil field. Analyses of the n -alkanes have given the undernoted results. There is a remarkable even-odd n -alkane predominance in the C 22 C 34 range. The corresponding coincidence of the EOP distribution curve with the OEP distribution curve, for the same region, may indicate that organic matter in the source rocks and crude oils of these 2 types has come from the same precursor, namely terrestrial higher plants rich in lipids; this is supported by microscopical examination of the organic matter. The difference lies in the fact that samples with a high even-odd n -alkane predominance occur in a highly saline geological environment in which evaporites, gypsum and carbonates are closely associated. From our calculations, it appears that the EOP distribution of n -alkanes discovered in source rocks and crude oils has extended the lower limit of OEP values (down to about 0.5) and hence it may be used in the correlation of source rocks and crude oils.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple space-time description of high-energy hadron-nucleus collisions is presented, based on the two-sheet description of soft multiparticle production in hadronhadron collisions, and can be formulated in a parton framework.
Abstract: A simple space-time description of high-energy hadron-nucleus collisions is presented. The model is based on the two-sheet description of soft multiparticle production in hadron-hadron collisions, and can be formulated in a parton framework. This zero-parameter model agrees well with the general features of hadron-nucleus data. 3 figures.
TL;DR: In this article, the closed-time path Green's function (CTPGF) formalism is applied to the critical dynamics and three different forms of CTPGF's are defined, transformations from one to another form and other useful computation rules are given.
Abstract: The closed time path Green's function (CTPGF) formalism is applied to the critical dynamics. The related results for the CTPGF approach are briefly reviewed. Three different forms of CTPGF's are defined, transformations from one to another form and other useful computation rules are given. The path integral presentation of the generating functional for CTPGF's is used to derive the Ward-Takahashi identities under both linear and nonlinear transformations of field variables. The generalized Langevin equations for the order parameters and conserved variables are derived from the vertex functional on the closed time path. The proper form of the equations for the conserved variables, including automatically the mode coupling terms, is determined according to the Ward-Takahashi identities and the linear response theory. All existing dynamic models are reobtained by assuming the corresponding symmetry properties for the system. The effective action for the order parameters is deduced by averaging over the random external field. The Lagrangian formulation of the statistical field theory is obtained if the random field one-loop approximation and the second-order approximation of order-parameter fluctuations on different time branches are both taken. The various possibilities of improving the current theory of critical dynamics within the framework of CTPGF's are discussed. The problem of renormalization for the finite-temperature field theory is considered. The whole theoretical framework is also applicable to systems near the stationary states far from equilibrium, whenever there exists an analog of the potential function ("free energy").
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: A number of snake venom toxins with phospholipase A2 (PLA) activity, such as β-bungarotoxin, taipoxin and crotoxin, act presynaptically at the motor nerve ending to produce a triphasic change in the transmitter release and then progressive depression leading to an irreversible blockade of transmission.
Abstract: A number of snake venom toxins with phospholipase A2 (PLA) activity, such as β-bungarotoxin, taipoxin and crotoxin, act presynaptically at the motor nerve ending to produce a triphasic change in the transmitter release; an initial transient inhibition followed by facilitation of acetylcholine (ACh) release and then progressive depression leading to an irreversible blockade of transmission. The initial decrease in ACh release may result from the toxin binding to a specific presynaptic site, which appears unrelated to the PLA activity, while the facilitation followed by eventual failure of transmission has been attributed to the toxin's PLA activity. Besides presynaptic effects, most of these toxins have more or less postsynaptic and/or musculotropic (myotoxic) effects. A notable example is notexin. The postsynaptic site of action may be on the cholinergic ionophore and the fish electro-plaque appears particularly sensitive to the PLA activity of these toxins at the postsynaptic site. The musculotropic action of notexin, as well as the basic PLA from Naja nigricollis, can be protected by pretreatment with heparin, whereas the presynaptic effect of these toxins remains little affected. Some autonomic motor transmissions are also affected by these toxins. While the cholinergic transmission of the guinea-pig or rat ileum is resistant, the inhibitory effect of the vagus nerve on the guinea-pig atrium is abolished by β-bungarotoxin. The non-cholinergic transmission of the guinea-pig vas deferens is also inhibited by notexin as well as by β-bungarotoxin. So far, no sympathetic (adrenergic) transmission has been found to be affected by these toxins.
01 Sep 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a modified process for the production of synthetic ammonia, in which CO2 in the converted water gas is removed by the synthesized ammonia itself, and the precipitated NH4HCO3 serves as the final product of the factory.
Abstract: This article reports a modified process for the production of synthetic ammonia, in which CO2 in the converted water gas is removed by the synthesized ammonia itself, and the precipitated NH4HCO3 serves as the final product of the factory. NH4HCO3 pills weighing about 1 g are used to overcome the poor physical properties of the NH4HCO3 powder. Extensive field experiments laid down on various soil areas in China showed good crop responses when NH4HCO3 pills were deep dressed. A laboratory process for the preparation of coated NH4HCO3 pills as a slow-release fertilizer is described. The crop response to slow-release NH4HCO3 pills is discussed.
01 Sep 1980
TL;DR: The sedimentary history and biostratigraphy of China during the Cambrian Period are broadly discussed within the framework of major tectonic divisions of the country as discussed by the authors, and the problems of the Precambrian to Cambrian, Cambrian to Ordovician and also the series boundaries are discussed.
Abstract: The sedimentary history and biostratigraphy of China during the Cambrian Period are broadly discussed within the framework of major tectonic divisions of the country. Five platform domains (North China Platform, southwest China Platform, Chiangnan Belt, Tarim Platform, and Tsaidem Platform) and five eugeosynclinal belts (South Tibet‐western Yunnan Belt, Tienshan‐Altai‐Great Khingan Geosyncline, Chilian Geosyncline, Kunlun‐Tibet‐western Yunnan Geosyncline and Southeast China Geosyncline) are recognised and discussed individually. A zonal scheme for Chinese Cambrian biostratigraphy is provided and the problems of the Precambrian to Cambrian, Cambrian to Ordovician and also the series boundaries are discussed. International correlation of the Cambrian of China, especially with Australia, is outlined in some detail.
TL;DR: The maximum cardinality f(n, k) of a family A of subsets of X is a Sperner family of X over Y if and only if every member of A has a nonempty intersection with Y.
TL;DR: Although the specific outcrop from which the original kaolin at Kauling (Gaoling) Mine, China, was collected cannot now be relocated, samples were collected and studied from the mine tunnel, country rock, and pegmatite which constitute the sources of kaolin in this region as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Although the specific outcrop from which the original kaolin at Kauling (Gaoling) Mine, China, was collected cannot now be relocated, samples were collected and studied from the mine tunnel, country rock, and pegmatite which constitute the sources of kaolin in this region. The kaolin is a residual product of weathering. Where the parent rock was a granite the clay is a mixture of platy and elongate kaolin-group minerals, whereas from the pegmatite portion of the parent rock it is halloysite(10Â) with elongate morphology. These mineral identifications are based on X-ray powder diffractograms, scanning electron micrographs, differential thermograms, and an infrared spectrum hitherto not documented for material from this area. Although the Kauling locality is the region for which kaolin is named, the mineral kaolinite is a defined species without a specific type locality. The 11th century Chinese locality was not mentioned in the two classic research papers defining kaolinite. The data on the Chinese kaolin, therefore, cannot be used directly to provide criteria for sharply differentiating the otherwise vague boundary between the minerals kaolinite and halloysite(7Â). Pertinent questions on these kaolin-group mineral relationships are brought into clearer focus.
TL;DR: In this article, the reaction of cycloheptatriene(tricarbonyl)-molybdenum (I) and -chromium (II) with aryllithium, in ether at low temperature, and subsequent alkylation of the acylmetallate formed with Et3OBF4 in aqueous solution at 0°C, gave 10 crystalline complexes with the compositions C7H8(CO)2MoC(OC2H5)Ar (IV-VII), C7 H8( CO)2CrC
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: The present author thinks that the primitive Homalopterid fishes might have originated in thenorth of the SE peninsula of Asia and in southwestern China probably at the end of Miocene or the beginning of Pliocene, with further development and dispersal later on.
Abstract: A systematic revision of the Homalopterid fishes of China, comprising 15 generaand 49 species and subspecies, has been given in other articles. 12 genera and 16 speciesamong them have been examined osteologically with the purpose of elucidating thephylogenetic relationships and systematic position of the family Homalopteridae.Some Indian ichthyologists considered the Homalopterid fishes as a polyphyleticgroup and placed them under two separate families which might have arisen from theCyprinid and the Cobitid ancestors respectively. The results of the present studies showthat Homalopterid fishes share a large number of synapomorphic characters, whichsnggest that the family Homalopteridae is in all probability a monophyletic group.Between the Gastromyzonin and the Hamalopterin fishes there is a mosaic distributionof apomorphic and plesiomorphic characters, indicating that they are sister-groupsderived from a common ancestor allied to the Cyprinid fishes. Therefore the presentauthor considers the Homalopterid fishes as a single family which is further dividedinto two subfamilies: Gastromyzoninae and Homalopterinae,Some Indian authors held that the Gastromyzonin fishes of the mainland of Asiaand those of the island of Borneo might have evolved independently since none of theBornean Gastromyzonin genera are present in the Asian mainland and vice versa.However, the presence of Protomyzon in China makes this view doubtful. The presentauthor thinks that the primitive Homalopterid fishes might have originated in thenorth of the SE peninsula of Asia and in southwestern China probably at the end ofMiocene or the beginning of Pliocene, with further development and dispersal later on.Based on the recency of common ancestry, the Gastromyzonin fishes can be dividedinto 4 groups and the Homalopterin fishes into 2 groups. The present paper containsa cladogram of the phylogeny of the Homalopterid fishes with some brief notes on it.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that in order to generate a global superconvergent approximation, the extrapolation procedure must be applied to the iterated collocation solution rather than to the usual Nystrom solution.
Abstract: This note analyses the methods of extrapolation from certain approximate solutions of integral equations whose kernels have lower degree smoothness. We show that in order to generate a global superconvergent approximation the extrapolation procedure must be applied to the iterated collocation solution rather than to the usual Nystrom solution.
TL;DR: In this paper, HPLC-NMR on-line Kopplung is described as eine gleichzeitige Trennung und identifizierung von Komponenten eines Substanzgemisches moglich.
Abstract: Durch HPLC-NMR on-line Kopplung ist eine gleichzeitige Trennung und Identifizierung von Komponenten eines Substanzgemisches moglich. Trennbeispiele von Aromaten und Steroiden zeigen die mogliche Anwendungsbreite der Methode durch Messung im Durchflus-bzw. stop-flow-Verfahren. Durch Verwendung einer mathematischen Filter-Funktion kann annahernd die Qualitat von herkommlichen Routine-Spektren erzielt werden.
TL;DR: In this article, an S-wave fission barrier of 6 −7 MeV was established for 12 C+ 209 Bi at incident energies near and just above the Coulomb barrier.
TL;DR: In this article, a brief discussion has been given to one of the characteristic features of the early evolution of organic matter in carbonate rocks and its bearing on the evaluation of oil and gas prospects in carbonately distributed areas.
Abstract: Widespread in South China is a suite of well-developed and very thick carbonate formations (from Sinian to Triassic). In the present paper a brief discussion has been given to one of the characteristic features of the early evolution of organic matter in carbonate rocks—the great diagenetic loss of organic matter and its bearing on the evaluation of oil and gas prospects in carbonate rock-distributed areas. The author has also described the characteristic features of the evolution of organic matter, such as gaseous hydrocarbons, soluble organic matter and kerogen in carbonate rocks which have evidently reached the late stage of organic evolution, as well as the highest temperature range they once underwent during their evolution history. In terms of the vertical distribution patterns of oil and gas in the region of South Sichuan, the lowest limit has been preliminarily established for the commercial preservation of oil and gas in carbonate formations.