Adama University

About: Adama University is a education organization based out in Nazrēt, Ethiopia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Adsorption. The organization has 840 authors who have published 1010 publications receiving 5547 citations. The organization is also known as: Adama Science and Technology University & ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ, አዳማ ሳይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaves Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract: This study tests the antibacterial activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, obtained from Microbiology laboratory, AlHikmah University Ilorin. Phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of tannins in all the three extracts (Aqueous, ethanolic and N-hexane), while. flavonoids, alkaloids and Saponins were only present in the Aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The leaves extracts were screened for antibacterial Original Research Article Issa et al.; AJBGMB, 7(1): 34-43, 2021; Article no.AJBGMB.64719 35 activity by agar well diffusion method, employing five different extracts concentrations (100mg/ml, 80mg/ml, 60mg/ml, 40mg/ml and 20mg/ml). The aqueous extracts had a mean activity of 11.50±0.70mm, 7.50±0.70mm and 8.5±0.70mm for S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa respectively. The ethanol extracts had a mean activity of 12.00±1.41mm, 10.00±1.41mm and 8.00±1.21mm for S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa respectively, while the N-hexane extracts exert no any activity. The antibiotics discs exert more inhibitory effect compared to the extract. The MIC for the aqueous extracts are at a concentrations of 60mg/ml for S. aureus, 80mg/ml for P. aeruginosa and 80mg/ml for E. coli. While that of the ethanol extract of the leaves are at a concentration of 60mg/ml for S. aureus, 80mg/ml for E. coli and 100mg/ml for P. aeruginosa. The MBC for the aqueous Extract of the leaves are at a concentration of 80mg/ml for S. aureus, 100mg/ml for P. aeruginosa and 100mg/ml for E. coli, while that of the ethanol extract are at a concentration of 80mg/ml for S. aureus and 100mg/ml for E. coli), while no any MBC was recorded for P. aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity tests indicate that the ethanol extract was more active. Among the three isolates, S. aureus is more sensitive to the aqueous and ethanol extracts. The activity exhibited by the extracts may be related to the presence of a number of Phytoconstituents.

Assessing the Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity of Rural Farmers to Climate Change in Girei Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Abstract: This study was formulated to evaluate the climatic characteristics and to determine rural farmers’ vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change in Girei Local Government Area. Forty-one years records of temperature and rainfall of the growing season were used for the study. Additionally, farmers’ responses regarding their vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change were obtained through questionnaire administration. The use of Functional relationship as well as vulnerability and adaptive capacity indices analysis were employed in analyzing the data. Results show that majority of the rural communities studied (six out of seven) were found to be highly vulnerable (with indices ranging from 0.63 to 0.83) climate change. Only one was moderately vulnerable (0.58). Exposure to climate vagaries was discovered to make farmers most vulnerability to climate change, followed by their adaptive capacity and then their sensitivity to environmental hazards social violence. All the communities were found to possess moderate capacity to cope with climate change effects. This is owing to their wealth accumulation, access to farm inputs, irrigation potentials, literacy level and infrastructural and institutional availability. It was recommended that the rural farmers needed to be provided with available farm inputs and access to credit facilities to enable them cushion the impacts of climate change. Adequate infrastructures and institutions good roads, power supply, healthcare and veterinary services should also be made available to them.

Self-Adaptive Firefly-Algorithm-Based Unified Power Flow Controller Placement with Single Objectives

Abstract: The selection of positions for unified power flow controller (UPFC) placement in transmission network is an essential factor, which aids in operating the system in a more reliable and secured manner. This paper focuses on strengthening the power system performance through UPFC placement employing self-adaptive firefly algorithm (SAFA), which selects the best positions along with parameters for UPFC placement. Three single objectives of real power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, and voltage stability enhancement are considered in this work. IEEE 14, 30, and 57 test systems are selected to accomplish the simulations and to reveal the efficacy of the proposed SAFA approach; besides, solutions are compared with two other algorithms solutions of honey bee algorithm (HBA) and bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA). The proposed SAFA contributes real power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, and voltage stability enhancement by optimally choosing the placement for UPFC.

A bi-objective model for hospital evacuation and reliable pharmaceutical supply chain for critical patients

Abstract: With increasing natural and human-made disasters, governments need to have a comprehensive and precise plan for emergency evacuation is felt more than ever. Hospitals are places that, due to the presence of vulnerable people and some dangerous chemical materials, need a perfect and accurate plan for emergency evacuation. In this paper, we presented a bi-objective multi-period, multi-product model for hospital evacuation and pharmaceutical supply chain for critical patients. An epsilon constraint method and Finally, the performance of solution procedures is compared, and the results are analyzed.

Genetic Diversity of Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter] as Revealed by Microsatellite Markers

Abstract: Genetic variability is the fundamental prerequisite of any crop-breeding program to develop superior cultivars. There are about 350 Eragrostis1 species, of which, tef is the only species cultivated for human consumption. Currently, the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute (EBI) collected over five thousand tef accessions from different geographical regions, diverse in terms of climate and elevation, which are uncharacterized yet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity among 64 tef accessions using 10 selected polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers. A total of 314 alleles were detected with an average of 14.5 alleles per locus and amplicon size ranged from 90 bp-320 bp. The mean value of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.87, appearing polymorphic for all loci. The lowest Fst value (0.05) was recorded among the studied tef populations. The mean value of major allele frequency and the number of effective alleles were 0.33 and 3.32, respectively. The mean value of gene flow (Nm) and Shannon's information index (I) was 4.74 and 1.65, respectively. The observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities varied from 0.34 to 0.56 and from 0.58 to 0.76, respectively. The cluster analysis has grouped the 64 tef accessions into three distinct clusters based on their similarity. The PCoA analysis showed that clustering is basing on the geographical origin of accessions. Analysis of molecular variance revealed 56%, 39% and 5% of the total variation due to variation within populations, among individuals and among populations, respectively. Structure bar-plot also inferred three gene pools, but with high level of admixtures. Thus, the present study shows that the identified tef accessions could be of great interest for the initiation of a planned breeding and conservation programs.