Agilent Technologies

About: Agilent Technologies is a company organization based out in Santa Clara, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Signal & Mass spectrometry. The organization has 7398 authors who have published 11518 publications receiving 262410 citations. The organization is also known as: Agilent Technologies, Inc..

Post-modification of the interior of porous shape-persistent organic cage compounds.

Abstract: Cage compounds are fascinating molecules for several reasons. They are defined molecular reaction vessels for “uncommon” products, or used to stabilize highly reactive species in their interior. Recently, materials made from purely organic cage compounds showed remarkable permanent porosities, with very high surface areas and good gassorption properties, both, in crystalline as well as amorphous phases. A feature that distinguishes the porous materials derived from cage compounds from those derived from extended network structures (such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs)) is, that the intrinsically porous building units (the cage molecules) are soluble. This creates several possibilities, which cannot be easily achieved for extended network structures or are even impossible. For instance, Cooper et al. reported on the co-crystallization of organic cage compounds in a binary or even ternary fashion to create porous organic alloys. 11] Very recently, this property was exploited to grow microporous cage crystals in mesoporous silica. Another example of “processable” porosity has been demonstrated by our group: various cage compounds, which are highly porous in the bulk, can be deposited as thin films on quartz crystal microbalances (QMBs) by spray-coating. The modified QMBs showed very good affinities for several aromatic analytes. In 2008, we introduced the one-pot synthesis of the endofunctionalized [4+6] cage compound 3 by reacting four molecules of triamine 1 and six molecules of salicyldialdehyde 2 (Scheme1). What distinguishes this type of cage compounds from others, is that it bears six hydroxy groups pointing to the center of the cage cavity. This structural motif is very rare for organic cage compounds, and the functionalization of the cages interiors through reaction at the hydroxy groups was to date unsuccessful. Herein we present a facile method for the post-synthetic modification of the intrinsic voids in the cage compound, which allows the pore structure of the resulting material to be “fine-tuned” in the solid state. Initially, we attempted to directly synthesize 5 a by the reaction of O-methylated salicyldialdehyde 4a with triamine 1 (Method A in Scheme 1). Unfortunately, only a small amount of cage 5a was detected in the crude product by the MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. However, cage 5a could not be isolated by chromatographic methods. Further optimization of the reaction conditions did not offer a decent route to synthesize 5 a in reasonable yield (never exceeding 17 %). H NMR analysis of the crude product (Figure 1b) exemplifies the high complexity of the resulting mixture. Similarly, reactions of triamine 1 with other salicyldialdehyde ethers 4b–4d failed too. These unsuccessful experiments forced us to switch to an indirect approach (see Scheme 1. Synthesis of cavity-modified cage compounds 5a–5e by two different approaches. Method A: direct route by 12-fold imine condensation. Method B: Post-synthetically modification by sixfold Williamson ether formation. For reaction conditions, results, and yields, see Table 1 and Supporting Information.

Cooling apparatus for electronic devices

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling an electronic device that includes a fluid heat exchanger, a chiller, and a pump. The fluid heat exchanger transfers heat from a hot portion of the surface of the electronic device to a fluid and has a body through which the fluid may be circulated. The body has a protrusion having a first surface that may be thermally coupled to the hot portion such that the surface of the body is sufficiently distant from the surface of the electronic device that sufficient ambient air may circulate therebetween so as to substantially prevent condensation from forming on the surface of the electronic device and from forming on and dripping from the heat exchanger when the fluid is cooled to at least the dew point of the ambient air and circulated through the body. A heat-conducting path is provided from the first surface to a region of the body that is thermally coupled to the fluid when the fluid is circulated through the body. The chiller circulates the fluid through a chiller and the fluid heat exchanger.

Exploiting CMOS reverse interconnect scaling in multigigahertz amplifier and oscillator design

Abstract: The increasing number of interconnect layers that are needed in a CMOS process to meet the routing and power requirements of large digital circuits also yield significant advantages for analog applications. The reverse thickness scaling of the top metal layer can be exploited in the design of low-loss transmission lines. Coplanar transmission lines in the top metal layers take advantage of a low metal resistance and a large separation from the heavily doped silicon substrate. They are therefore fully compatible with current and future CMOS process technologies. To investigate the feasibility of extending CMOS designs beyond 10 GHz, a wide range of coplanar transmission lines are characterized. The effect of the substrate resistivity on coplanar wave propagation is explained. After achieving a record loss of 0.3 dB/mm at 50 GHz, coplanar lines are used in the design of distributed amplifiers and oscillators. They are the first to achieve higher than 10 GHz operating frequencies in a conventional CMOS technology.

Total internal reflection optical switch

Abstract: An optical switch that is constructed on a substrate having first and second waveguides that intersect at a gap having a predetermined width. The first and second waveguides are positioned such that light traversing the first waveguide enters the second waveguide when the gap is filled with a liquid having a first index of refraction. The gap is part of a trench in the substrate having a first region that includes the gap and a second region adjacent to the first region. The second region has a width greater than the width of the first region. A liquid having the first index of refraction is disposed in the first region. The liquid generates a gas when heated to a predetermined temperature. A first heater is disposed in the first region for heating the liquid to the predetermined temperature thereby generating a gas bubble in the liquid at the gap. Light traversing the first waveguide is reflected by the gap when the gap is filled with a gas. To change the switch into the non-reflecting state, the bubble is displaced to the second region of the trench, in response to a control signal. The displacement mechanism can be constructed from a second heater having a portion thereof located in the first region between the first heater and the second region. The displacement mechanism can also be constructed from a mechanism that applies a pressure differential across the first region thereby causing the bubble to partially extend into the second region. A third waveguide having an end terminating on the trench can also be included in the optical switch. The third waveguide is positioned such that light traversing the first waveguide enters the third waveguide when the gap is not filled with liquid.