Showing papers by "Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada published in 1968"
TL;DR: Larvae of the elaterids Limonius californicus, Hypolithus bicolor, Ctenicera aeripennis, and CtenICera destructor appeared susceptible to the disease, green muscardine, incited by the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae, in the order listed.
62 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that alpha-toxin plays no major role in C. perfringens type A enteritis.
Abstract: Clostridium perfringens type A suspended in fresh medium was injected into ligated intestinal loops of lambs. Within 7 hr after inoculation, the fluid volume of the loops increased up to seven times. No significant accumulation of fluid occurred in loops receiving grown culture, culture supernatant fluid, or medium alone. α-Antitoxin injected along with C. perfringens in fresh medium into intestinal loops did not prevent the accumulation of fluid. It is concluded that α-toxin plays no major role in C. perfringens type A enteritis.
45 citations
TL;DR: It seems unlikely that ethylene can play more than a minor role in mediating inhibition of pea root growth by IAA, but conditions which reduce the rate of ethylene evolution 2 to 3-fold at the same IAA concentration fail to affect the inhibitory action of IAA on elongation.
Abstract: The effects of ethylene and of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on growth of excised pea root sections have been compared under a variety of conditions. After 16 hours treatment the inhibitory action of IAA is fully reversible on transfer of the root sections to IAA-free solutions. In contrast, inhibition by ethylene is almost totally irreversible. IAA inhibits growth from zero time; ethylene is generally without effect during the first 3 to 6 hours. The inhibitory action of ethylene is dependent on factors such as tissue age and solution composition which have no major effect on IAA inhibition. Ethylene production is enhanced by 100 μm IAA, but conditions which reduce the rate of ethylene evolution 2 to 3-fold at the same IAA concentration fail to affect the inhibitory action of IAA on elongation. It seems unlikely that ethylene can play more than a minor role in mediating inhibition of pea root growth by IAA.
40 citations
TL;DR: With the exception of the orchard nearest the release point, it seemed more flies were recaptured in the more susceptible than in the less susceptible varieties of apples, although more of the traps were hung in the latter varieties.
Abstract: The daily laboratory emergence of adults of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) was photographed for counting purposes, dusted en masse with fluorescent powder for detection purposes, and then released west of an area containing apple orchards. One orchard was situated west of the release point. Twenty releases totaling 38,614 flies were made, the 1st on June 20. Bird Tanglefoot®-treated plywood trap sites were established in 5 commercial-sized orchards and in 3 remnant orchards. Bird Tanglefoot-treated cotton barriers were situated in front of the orchards facing the release point and in 2 gaps in bush hedges between properties. The barriers extended from 8 to 14 ft in height and were from 50 to 125 ft long. Marked flies were recaptured at all 7 trapping sites situated east of the release point. The closest was 263 and the farthest was 1719 yards. Marked flies, but only a few, were recaptured also in the station 421 yards west of the release point. Only a few flies were recaptured on the barriers, although 1 fly was caught on a barrier 1453 yards from the release point. With the exception of the orchard nearest the release point, it seemed more flies were recaptured in the more susceptible than in the less susceptible varieties of apples, although more of the traps were hung in the latter varieties.
33 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that M. anisopliae shows promise as a microbial control agent for soil-inhabiting Elateridae in Saskatchewan, and “positive” infections, indicated by the recovery of the fungus from dead insects, were greater in females than in males.
29 citations
TL;DR: The relationship between ED50 values of sunflowers and soil organic matter content and cation exchange capacity was evaluated by correlation and regression analysis for possible usefulness in predicting dose requirements as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Summary. Effective dosages of picloram (4–amino-3,5,6–trichloropicolinic acid) required to reduce fresh weight of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L. var. Menonite) were determined for seven Saskatchewan soils under controlled environmental conditions. The relationships between ED50 value and clay content, organic matter content and cation exchange capacity were evaluated by correlation and regression analysis for possible usefulness in predicting dose requirements. ED50 values were also determined for Weyburn loam and in culture solutions adjusted to various pH levels.
There Was no significant correlation between ED50 values of picloram and soil clay content or cation exchange capacity. ED50 values were highly correlated with soil organic matter content, and they increased as the soil pH was lowered or raised from pH 6.5. The increase in ED50 values in the acidic range was attributed to adsorption of the unionized molecules of picloram on the organic matter in the soil. The increase in ED50 values in the alkaline range may be mainly due to reduced uptake of the ionized acid by plant roots.
Resume. Les doses efficaces de piclorame necessaires pour reduire le poids frais de tournesots (Helianthus annuns L. var. Menonile) furent deitermines dans 7 sols du Saskatchewan, dans des conditions d'environnement COntrolees. Les rapports entre la valeur de ED50 et la teneur en argile, la teneur en matiere organique et la capacity d'echange de cations furent evalues au moyen d'analyses de correlation et de regression pour une utilisation possible dans la prediction des doses necessaires. Les valeurs de ED50 furent egalement determinees pour le limon de Weyburn et dans des solutions de culture ajustees a divers niveaux de pH.
II n'y eut pas de correlation significative entre les valeurs de ED50 pour le piclorame et la teneur du sol en argile ou sa capacite d'echange de cations. Les valeurs de ED50 furent en correlation etroite avec la teneur du sol en matiere organique et elles augmenterent a mesure que le pH du sol diminuait ou augmentait a partir de pH 6.5. L ‘accroissement des valeurs de ED50 en milieu acide fut attribute a l'adsorption des molecules non ionisees du piclorame sur la matiere organiquo du sol. L'accroissement des valeurs de ED50 en milieu alcalin peut etre due principalement a une reduction de l'absorption de l'acide ionise par les racines des plantes.
Einfluss von Bodentigenschaften auf die Phytotoxizitat von 4–Amino-3,b,6–trichlorpicotinsaure (Picloram)
Zusammenfassung. Fiir 7 Boden in Saskatchewan wurde die zur Reduktion des Frischgewichts von Sonnenblumen (Helianthus annuus L. Sorte Menonite) erforderliche Picloranimenge unler kontrollierten Bedinguiigen bestiinmt. Durch Korrelalions- und Regresaionsanalyse wurde die Beziehung zwischen ED50-Wert und Ton- bzw. Humusanteil sowie Kationenaustauschkapazitat bestimmt, um moglicherwcise zu brauchbaren Voraussagen iiber die erforderlichen Aufwandmengen zu kommen. Die ED50-Werte wurden ausserdem fur Weyburn-Lehm und Nahrlosung bei verschiedenen pH-Stufen crmiltelt.
Zwischen den ED50-Werten von Picloram und dem Tonanleil sowie dcr Kationenaustauschkapazitat bestand keine signifikante Korrelation. Dagegen war die Korrelation zwischen den ED50-Werten und der organischen Masse des Bodens hoch signifikant. Die ED50-Werte stiegen, wenn die Aziditat des Bodens von pH 6,5 verminderi oder erhoht wurde. Die Erhohung der ED50-Wcrtc im saurcn Bereich ist auf die Adsorption der nicht ionisierten Picloramniolekule an die organische Substanz des Bodens zuriickzufiihren. Die Erhohung der ED50-Werlc im alkalischen Boreich durfte in erster Linie auf vcrminderler Aufnahme der ionisierten Siiure durch Pflanzenwurzeln beruhen.
22 citations
TL;DR: The surface area of that portion of the virus protein subunit exposed to nucleic acid and aqueous medium was estimated from the surface areas of charged and dipolar amino acids and was in agreement with the S V ratios predicted from amino acid composition for the icosahedral viruses.
18 citations
TL;DR: D-D Soil Fumigant was applied to a muck soil and to a sandy loam to control the golden nematode Heterodera rostochiensis and cis - and trans -dichloropropene were detected in both soils, but themuck soil contained considerably higher amounts.
Abstract: D-D Soil Fumigant (a mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene and 1,2-dichloropropane) was applied to a muck soil at 200 gallons per acre and to a sandy loam at 100 gallons per acre to control the golden nematode Heterodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber). Representative samples of both types of soil were taken 8 months later. Vapor from above the soil was analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection as a rapid test for the presence of dichloropropene; solvent extraction of the soil followed by the same method of analysis provided quantitative data. Acetonitrile adequately extracted dichloropropene from the sandy loam but gave low results for the muck soil. cis - and trans -dichloropropene were detected in both soils, but the muck soil contained considerably higher amounts.
9 citations
TL;DR: The composition of tomato ringspot virus based on analyses of recovered nucleotides and amino acids was 40% RNA and 60% protein and analyses indicated that the virus protein subunit was composed of approximately 217 amino acid residues.
9 citations
TL;DR: Dietary alanine and dietary proline were dispensable for survival and rate of development of this insect, when arginine was included at optimal concentration (9·0 mg/g) in the diet.
8 citations
TL;DR: The daily emergence of adult apple maggots from laboratory-held pupae was marked with fluorescent powder en masse, and released in 1 end of an orchard each day for 11 successive days, resulting in finding only a small percentage of marked adults scattered throughout the orchard.
Abstract: The daily emergence of adult apple maggots, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), from laboratory-held pupae was marked with fluorescent powder en masse, and released in 1 end of an orchard each day for 11 successive days. Of approximately 2800 marked adults released, 607 were re-captured on Bird Tanglefoot®-treated traps and on a similarly treated barrier outside the orchard. Examination of trees with ultraviolet lights at night immediately following release resulted in finding only a small percentage of marked adults scattered throughout the orchard. Examination of traps indicated that marked adults had been captured in all traps situated in all bearing trees in the orchard. Examination of the barrier indicated that of the marked and orchard-emerged flies which left the or-chard, 77% were captured at 8-14 feet above ground.
TL;DR: Dietary glutamic acid has a marked deleterious effect on survival and rate of development when guanine, cytosine and putrescine are omitted from the diet.
TL;DR: Duncan's multiple range tests showed that yellow and green were the most attractive (5% level of significance); red and blue were the least attractive, and white was intermediate and significantly different from the other pairs of colors.
Abstract: Sticky waxed-paper cards, 10×12 inches, painted red, white, blue, yellow, or green were set about 5 feet above g-round around the perimeter of each of 51 apple trees heavily infested with apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), to compare color attractants to this insect. The total number of adults caught for each color from July 5 to August 27 was yellow 5378; green 5324; white 2056; red 645; blue 318. Duncan’s multiple range tests showed that yellow and green were the most attractive (5% level of significance); red and blue were the least attractive, and white was intermediate and significantly different from the other pairs of colors.
TL;DR: The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, was reared from hatching to the adult stage on holidic diets at 32±2°C and 75±5 per cent r.h. for survival and normal rate of development.
TL;DR: In 1963 and 1964 root galls caused by Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) on bearing Agawam and Delaware grapevines in well-drained clay loam soil in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario were reduced significantly by Baygon®, applied at 10, 27, and 30 pounds of actual toxicant in drenches of 400–500 Imperial gallons of water per acre and sealed with an additional application of at least 3 times as much water.
Abstract: In 1963 and 1964 root galls caused by Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) on bearing Agawam and Delaware grapevines in well-drained clay loam soil in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario were reduced significantly by Baygon® ( o -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) applied at 10, 27, and 30 pounds of actual toxicant in drenches of 400–500 Imperial gallons of water per acre and sealed with an additional application of at least 3 times as much water. Zinophos® (O, O -diethyl O -2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate), similarly applied at 10 and 30 lb actual per acre, was less effective, and hexachlorocyclopentadiene was not effective. In 1965 and 1966 Baygon at 10, 15, and 20 pounds on a poorly drained clay loam soil did not reduce injury significantly on Catawba and Elvira vines. In small-scale applications on single-vine plots disulfoton, endosulfan, and Niagara 10242 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) also were ineffective. A significant reduction in number of root galls did not increase yield, sugar content, or wood weight of Delaware grapes.
TL;DR: The leaf and stem portions of potato plants had similar ‘A’ values which suggests that phosphorus was mobile within the plant and both or either plant part could be used effectively in radioactive phosphorus studies.
Abstract: The leaf and stem portions of potato plants had similar ‘A’ values which suggests that phosphorus was mobile within the plant. Both or either plant part could be used effectively in radioactive phosphorus studies. Potato plants, at the early bud stage of growth, had low ‘A’ values; however, as the plant grew and matured the ‘A’ values increased considerably. This indicates that the young potato plant obtained most of its phosphorus from the applied fertilizer while the older and more developed plant obtained most of its phosphorus from the soil.
TL;DR: Boycei as mentioned in this paper, The Conidial State of Dermea Pseudotsugae: Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 718-719.
Abstract: (1968). Micropera Boycei, The Conidial State of Dermea Pseudotsugae. Mycologia: Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 718-719.