Showing papers by "Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada published in 1971"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe an instrument for measuring the texture of foods based on a simple screw-operated press which accommodates a range of different test cells, including a new type recently developed.
70 citations
TL;DR: Factors limiting Crambe development are the high cost of seed transportation due to the high volume to weight ratio of the threshed seed and the need for extra seed processing steps to render the meal suitable as a high protein feed supplement for livestock and poultry.
Abstract: Oilseed crops of the Cruciferae are widely adapted and are of particular importance to countries in the northern latitudes. Cruciferous seed oils from the crops, rapeseed, mustard, Camelina, oilseed radish and Crambe, enter edible or industrial markets, or both. The oil-seed meal can be used either as a high protein feed supplement or as an organic fertilizer. The spring and winter forms of the two species of rapeseed,Brassica napus andB. campestris, are commercially the most important. Advances in crop management and plant breeding have resulted in a 40% to 50% increase in seed yield over the past 25 years. In the next 10 to 15 years, application of newer plant-breeding techniques will result in varieties even higher in yield and seed with improved oil and meal quality. Some of the quality improvements will be new patterns in fatty acid composition, higher oil and protein content, lower fiber content, and removal of the undesirable glucosinolate compounds from the meal. The mustard cropsBrassica juncea andB. hirta are important condiment crops which have considerable potential as edible oil sources. Oilseed radish,Raphanus sativus, yields significantly less seed and oil than other cruciferous oil crops but its oil, which contains a low level of erucic acid (3.7%) and a relatively high content of 16-carbon fatty acids (9.3%), may be useful in blending with normal or zero erucic acid rapeseed oils.Camelina sativa or false flax has many desirable agronomic characteristics but the oil of camelina seed contains too high a level of linolenic acid (36%) to penetrate the edible oil market and too low to compete industrially with linseed oil.Crambe abyssinica andC. hispanica are potentially important producers of high erucic acid industrial oils. Factors limiting Crambe development are the high cost of seed transportation due to the high volume to weight ratio of the threshed seed and the need for extra seed processing steps to render the meal suitable as a high protein feed supplement for livestock and poultry.
62 citations
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that in the enteric infection C. perfringens enteropathogenic factor acts on the small intestine causing increased capillary permeability, vasodilation, and increased intestinal motility in lambs and guinea pigs.
Abstract: Cell extract of an enteropathogenic strain of Clostridium perfringens type A was administered intravenously to lambs, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Lambs developed transitory diarrhea, lacrimation, salivation, nasal discharge, lassitude, and dyspnea in 1 to 5 hr after inoculation. Large doses of the inoculum caused rapid onset of the clinical signs and subsequent death. Examination of dead animals revealed intensely hyperemic small intestinal mucosa and some congestion in the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. Rabbits showed excessive salivation, frequent defecation, tranquility, and dyspnea, followed by death. Guinea pigs became weak and died in 15 min to 7 hr. Congestion was evident in lungs, liver, spleen, and in the small intestine. In lambs and guinea pigs tested, atropine and epinephrine alleviated the clinical signs. Intradermally injected cell extract caused an immediate increase in capillary permeability and subsequent erythematous reaction without necrosis in the skin of guinea pigs. It is hypothesized that in the enteric infection C. perfringens enteropathogenic factor acts on the small intestine causing increased capillary permeability, vasodilation, and increased intestinal motility.
61 citations
TL;DR: Succinate oxidation by a particulate preparation from Ustilago maydis (corn smut) is potently inhibited by carboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide) and a number of carboxIn analogs.
53 citations
TL;DR: A potato spindle tuber virus (PSTV) was extracted from tomato leaves and purified by precipitation with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, trypsin on cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) at pH 7.4 caused the release of 37 amino acid residues from the Nterminal of the protein, accompanied by disassembly of the virus.
32 citations
29 citations
TL;DR: The carcass fat of turkeys fed 9% soybean (SBO) or rapeseed oil (RSO) to 6 weeks of age was found to be very similar in fatty acid composition to the dietary fat.
26 citations
TL;DR: Electron microscopic examinations made on negatively stained preparations of supernatant fluids from cell cultures infected with haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus revealed that all related strains of the virus so examined were morphologically similar to coronaviruses.
25 citations
TL;DR: Carbamates1 have already gained an important place among pesticides but they are degraded less rapidly than the organophosphorus compounds, and like the latter they are cholinesterase inhibitors.
Abstract: Carbamates1 have already gained an important place among pesticides. They do not have the persistence so detrimental to most of the organochlorine compounds but they are degraded less rapidly than the organophosphorus compounds. Like the latter they are cholinesterase inhibitors.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a penetrometric procedure was devised for determining gel firmness to evaluate effects of various factors on heat-induced gelation of concentrated skimmilk, and the force required for penetration of a disk-shaped probe, 6.2mm in diameter, through encased milk gels 4.5 cm high and 1.9 cm in diameter.
TL;DR: Five strains of the ‘classical’ Cl .
TL;DR: Rennet was compared with a mixture (1:1) of rennet and pepsin in making and curing Cheddar cheese as mentioned in this paper, and the results indicated that cheesemakers should give more attention, when using the mixture, to factors affecting texture of cheese and fat losses in the whey, and that problems might be encountered with slow coagulation of the milk.
TL;DR: Immature Drosophila melanogaster were reared on a normal growth medium containing 10 ppm of the carcinogen, aflatoxin B1, and Histological examination of the larvae indicated suppression of activity in the cerebral neurosecretory cells.
TL;DR: In this paper, aqueous suspension of 40 to 60% nonfat dry milk at 80 to 115 degrees C for 10 or 30 minutes was used to obtain gel firmness.
TL;DR: If a relationship of compatible trust is to remain between the processor and the grower, serious consideration must be given to better calibration of currently used tenderometers or to devising some other method of grading and paying for peas.
Abstract: Twenty one tenderometers were compared in processing plants for their accuracy of measurement using wax wafers as the test material. The results indicate that there are serious differences among the tenderometers and that the accuracy of measurement is unsatisfactory for the purpose of grading peas to establish the price paid to the grower. If a relationship of compatible trust is to remain between the processor and the grower, serious consideration must be given either to better calibration of currently used tenderometers or to devising some other method of grading and paying for peas.
TL;DR: Caging requirements were same for all combinations of plot size and forage species, and large cages increased precision sligbtly used on Russian wild-rye, probably because the forage was in rows 0.91 m apart.
Abstract: Estimates of forage production and consumption were made, using dry-weight differences between samples from protected and grazed areas. Two sizes of cage for protecting areas from grazing were compared in four forages: brome grass (Bromus inermis Leyss.)/Iucerne (Medicago sativa L.); crested wbeatgrass (Agropyron crista-tum L.)/lucerne; intermediate wbeatgrass (A. intermedium (Host.) Beauv.)/Iucerne; and Russian wild-rye (Elymus junceus Fisch.).
Production, over a three-year period, ranged from 1985 to 6286 kg/ha when estimated from 0.84 m2 cages. Consumption ranged from 1584 to 5878 kg/ha. Yield estimates wben using 2.51 m2 cages averaged 8% less than estimates from 0.84 m2 cages.
The number of caged sites needed in each plot to estimate a 95% confidence interval for annual production were 14 for four replicates, and over 30 for fewer replicates. Requirements for consumption estimates were similar. To estimate production within a 90% confidence interval 19, 10 and 4 caged sites were required from two, three, and four replicates, respectively. Consumption estimates within tbis confidence interval required 22, 10, and 5 samples from two, tbree, and four replicates, respectively.
Caging requirements were tbe same for all combinations of plot size and forage species. Large cages increased precision sligbtly wben used on Russian wild-rye, probably because the forage was in rows 0.91 m apart.
TL;DR: Dehydration of fresh plants reduced dieldrin extraction efficiency of acetonitrile, while hydration of air-dried plant tissues increased recovery efficiency, and Soxhlet extraction with 1:1 methanol:chloroform recovered more than 99% of d yieldrin or lindane residues.
Abstract: Efficiencies of acetonitrile, acetone, ethanol, and methanol in extracting root-absorbed 14C-dieldrin and 14C-lindane residues from wheat plants were compared. Single extraction with these solvents in a blender recovered 68-82% dieldrin and 75-96% lindane residues. Double extraction with acetonitrile recovered 92% dieldrin. Soxhlet extraction with 1:1 methanol:chloroform recovered more than 99% of dieldrin or lindane residues. Dehydration of fresh plants reduced dieldrin extraction efficiency of acetonitrile, while hydration of air-dried plant tissues increased recovery efficiency. Only 13% dieldrin was lost from fresh wheat plants during 24 hours of air drying at room temperature, and 30% was lost by oven drying 4 hours.
TL;DR: It is concluded that protoplasmic structure probably plays an insignificant role in influencing the textural properties of high moisture, frozen-thawed plant tissues.
Abstract: Three high moisture plant tissues, whose textural response to freeze-thawing differs noticeably, were studied ultrastructurally before and after controlled freeze-thaw regimes. Fine structural components of the protoplasm were usually disrupted extensively, although to varying degrees, depending on tissue type and freeze-thaw conditions. Possible reasons for the apparent protection in some of the material studied are discussed. It is concluded that protoplasmic structure probably plays an insignificant role in influencing the textural properties of high moisture, frozen-thawed plant tissues.
TL;DR: Although the fat body was markedly reduced in size, the fact that eggs and some faeces were produced suggests that protein digestion and synthesis did not stop in the authors' experimental insects.
TL;DR: Bioassays on the toxicity of 10G Dasanit® ( O-O -diethyl O -[ p -methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate, applied in a 4-in.
Abstract: Bioassays on the toxicity of 10G Dasanit® ( O-O -diethyl O -[ p -methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate), applied in a 4-in. band ¾ in. below the soil surface in ridged rows in the field showed that initial toxicity to 1st-stage larvae of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouche) was moderate but decreased to near zero in about 4 days. Toxicity then increased to a peak between 15 and 30 days after application and thereafter decreased at a fairly constant rate. Bioassays on rutabagas grown in soil treated with 2.5 to 30 lb toxicant Dasanit per acre banded in the row prior to seeding indicated that toxicants of Dasanit were absorbed by rutabagas and reached a peak 60 to 80 days after planting. At rates of 10 lb per acre, toxicants present in the roots at 80 days killed all test larvae (when larger roots were 3½ to 4 inches in diameter), At the 2.5 and 5 1b rates, toxicity reached a peak 70 to 80 days after planting and then decreased at a relatively constant rate. Toxicants were still detected at the normal time of harvest but decreased quickly to non-detectable levels in roots in storage. Even at the rate of 30 1b (6 to 7 times the commercially recommended application), no toxicity was detected after 2 to 3 months in storage. Cooking destroyed approximately 55% of the toxicants present in samples tested at different times after harvesting.
TL;DR: Bioassays with 1st larval stages of the cabbage maggot demonstrated that subsurface soil applications of phorate and thionazin were highly toxic soon after application but decreased in toxicity during the growing season.
Abstract: Bioassays with 1st larval stages of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae , (Bouche), demonstrated that subsurface soil applications of phorate and thionazin were highly toxic soon after application but decreased in toxicity during the growing season. Carbofuran became biologically active soon after application and was the most toxic of the compounds tested. Also, toxic components persisted longer than those of thionazin (Zinophos®) (O, O-diethyl 0-2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate) or phorate at a given rate of toxicant per acre. Chlorfevinphos (Compound 4072) (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate), fonofos (Dyfonate) (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethyphosphonodithioate), and trichloronat (Agritox®) (O-ethyl 0-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate) were the most slowly activated and the most persistent of the compounds tested. Fonofos and trichloronat showed no signs of phytoxicity even at exceedingly high rates, whereas all the other compounds, as well as Dasanit® (fensulfothion) ( O, O -diethyl O[p- (methylsulfinyl) phenyl]phosphorothioate) and diazinon, were toxic to rutabagas at rates above 20 Ib toxicant/acre. Carbofuran was the only compound that showed readily detectable upward movement in the soil, and toxicants of this material killed flies resting on the soil surface. Absorption of toxic components of the insecticides by rutabagas grown in treated soil was highest for Dasanit, used as a test standard, followed in order by trichloronat, chlorfenvinphos, fonofos, carbofuran, thioazin, and phorate. Toxic residues of phorate and thionazin were detected in the roots only at high rates per acre, and the toxicants of these materials and of car bofman and Dasanit decreased after 80-90 days. Also, toxic components decreased rapidly in roots in storage. Toxic metabolites of fonofos and chlorfenvinphos decreased slowly in storage and were hardly detectable after 3-4 months. There was no decrease in toxic residues of trichloronat in stored rutabagas for at least 4 months.
TL;DR: Toxic ants present in the fall persisted at a relatively constant level throughout the winter and spring, except for some initial toxicity, as granular formulations of 12 candidate or registered insecticides.
Abstract: Microplot field tests were set up to determine the bioactivity of granular formulations of 12 candidate or registered insecticides banded ¾ in. deep in a mineral soil. Samples were collected at intervals and bioassayed in a greenhouse with larvae of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouche). Some materials, as propoxur and Zinophos®, ( O, O -diethyl 0-2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate) were most bioactive within 3 days after application in the soil, and bioactivity decreased to non detectable levels in 1 to 3 months. Other compounds, as Bay 37289 ( O -ethyl 0-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate), chlorfen-vinphos (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate), and Dyfonate® ( O -ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate), except for some initial toxicity, were slowly bioactivated, toxicity increased during the growing season, and toxic ants present in the fall persisted at a relatively constant level throughout the winter and spring. Carbofuran and Danit® ( O, O -dimethyl O -[ p -Methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate), were most toxic to test organisms 30 days after soil application, toxicity gradually declined thereafter, and toxic residues were barely detectable the following spring.
TL;DR: It is shown that much of the iron present in Eb plasma is not bound to transferring and that it is likely present in molecules of ferritin, probably coated with a plasma protein.
TL;DR: In this article, the measuring tip height was measured using an easy-to-read, digital meter, and the point of contact of the tip with the albumen was detected.
01 Dec 1971
TL;DR: (1971).
Abstract: (1971). Integrated Control of the Codling Moth. PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 417-420.